COMPARATIVE

POLICE SYSTEM
Coverage/Scope of the Subject:
1. Concept of Globalization to Police Service
2. Transnational Crime
3. Selected Police Models
4. Role of INTERPOL
5. Bilateral International Cooperation of
Transnational Crime
6. Participation of PNP Personnel in UN
Peacekeeping Missions
 Definition of terms

• Globalization – a process by which

regional economies, societies,
cultures have become integrated
through a global network of
communication, transportation and
trade.
• Global Policing – indicate those forms of
policing that are fully global in scope.

• International Policing – indicate those

types of policing that are formally directed
by institutions usually responsible for
international affairs.

• Transnational Policing – pertains to all

forms of policing that transgress national
borders.
• Transnational Crime – refers to crime that takes place
across national borders.

• Terrorism – the unlawful use of force or violence

against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a
government, the civilian population, or any segment
thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.
(FBI, 1997)
 Premeditated, politically motivated violence
perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-
national groups or clandestine agents, usually
intended to influence an audience. (US Dept. of State)
• Drug Trafficking – is the illegal production
and distribution of controlled substances.

• Money Laundering – is the method by

which criminals disguise the illegal origins
of their wealth and protect their assets
bases, so as to avoid the suspicion of law
enforcement agencies and prevent leaving
a trail of incriminating evidence.
• Human Trafficking – recruitment,
transportation, transfer, harbouring or
receipt of persons, by means of threat or
use of force or other forms of coercion, of
abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the
abuse of power or of a position of
vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of
payments or benefits to achieve the
consent of a person having control over
another person, for the purpose of
exploitation.
• Cybercrime – refers to all the activities
done with criminal intent in
cyberspace.

• INTERPOL – International Criminal

Police Organization is an organization
facilitating international police
cooperation.
TRANSNATIONAL

CRIME
TERRORISM
 TERRORISM
 Define as the unlawful use of force or
violence against persons or property to
intimidate or coerce a government, the
civilian population, or any segment
thereof, in furtherance of political or
social objectives (FBI, 1997)
 The term terrorism comes from
French terrorisme, from Latin:
“terror”, “great fear”, “dread”, related
to the Latin verb “terrere”, “to
frighten”.

 The use of the word first appeared in

January 1795 in The Times.
 Characteristics of terrorism

• Premeditated or Planned

• Politically motivated

• Aimed at civilians

• Carried out by sub-national groups

 Typology of terrorism

• Nationalist Terrorism – seek to form a separate state of

their own and frequently depict their activities as a fight
for liberation.

• Religious Terrorism – pursue their own vision of the divine

will and use violence intended to bring about social and
cultural changes

• State-sponsored Terrorism – deliberately used by radical

states as foreign policy tools
• Left-wing Terrorism – seek to destroy
economies based on free enterprise and to
replace them with socialist or communist
economic systems.

• Right-wing Terrorism – motivated by fascist

ideals and work toward the dissolution of
democratic governments.

• Anarchist Terrorism – are revolutionaries who

seek to overthrow all established forms of
government.
• Domestic Terrorism – refers to the unlawful
use of force or violence by a group or an
individual who is based and operates within a
state.

• International Terrorism – is the unlawful use

of force or violence by a group or an
individual who has connection to a foreign
power or whose activities transcend national
boundaries against person or property to
intimidate or coerce a government.
• Cyber-terrorism – is a form of terrorism that
makes use of high technology – especially
computers, the Internet and the World Wide
Web – in the planning and carrying out of
terrorist attacks.
 COUNTERTERRORISM

• Refers to the practices, tactics and

strategies that governments,
militaries and other groups adopt in
order to fight terrorism.
 UNITED STATES OF

AMERICA’S NATIONAL

COUNTERTERRORISM

CENTER (NCTC)
• Established by Presidential Executive Order
13354 in August 2004 and codified by the
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism
Prevention Act of 2004.
PHILIPPINE CENTER

ON TRANSNATIONAL

CRIME (PCTC)
• Created on January 15, 1999 by Executive
Order No. 62 under the Office of the President
to formulate and implement a concerted of
action of all law enforcement, intelligence and
other government agencies for the prevention
and control of transnational crime.
 REPUBLIC ACT NUMBER 9372

“HUMAN SECURITY ACT OF 2007”

• Signed into law by Pres. Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo and effective on July
2007, officially aimed at tackling
militants in the Southern Philippines,
including Abu Sayyaf Group, which has
links to Al-Qaeda and has been blamed
for bombings and kidnappings in the
region.
DRUG TRAFFICKING
 DRUG TRAFFICKING

• Drug Trafficking is the illegal cultivation,

culture, delivery, administration,
dispensation, manufacture, sale, trading,
transportation, distribution, importation,
exportation and possession of any
dangerous drug and/or controlled
precursor and essential chemical.
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

• The world’s largest market for illegal drugs.

• Marijuana, Cocaine and Heroin

 The most heavily abused drugs

Methamphetamine
 The cause of the fastest-growing drug problem in
the United States.
DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION (DEA)

• The Federal Agency responsible for

controlling the spread of illegal drugs
in the United States and abroad.
PHILIPPINE DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY (PDEA)

• Created through Republic Act No. 9165

“Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002”
under the Dangerous Drugs Board.

• PDEA is under the Office of the President

 SOUTHEAST ASIAN REGION

• Considered as a “hot spot” in relation to the drug

trade.

• China – leading producer of opium poppy

• The “Golden Triangle” – manufactures opium and

heroin.
 MONEY

LAUNDERING
 MONEY LAUNDERING

• Is the method by which criminals

disguise the illegal origins of their
wealth and protect their asset bases.
 BRIEF HISTORY

• The term “money laundering” originated

from Mafia ownership of Laundromats in
the United States.
• The first use of the term “money
laundering” was during the Watergate
Scandal 1973 in United States.
 REPUBLIC ACT NUMBER 9160, as
amended by REPUBLIC ACT
NUMBER 9194

“ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING ACT OF

2001”
 MONEY LAUNDERING
• Is a crime whereby the proceeds of an
unlawful activity as herein defined are
transacted, thereby making them appear to
have originated from legitimate sources.
 ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING COUNCIL

• Financial intelligence unit in the

Philippines that conducts
investigations on suspicious
transactions.
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
 HUMAN TRAFFICKING

• A crime against humanity.

• It involves an act of recruiting,

transporting, transferring, harboring or
receiving a person through the use of
force, coercion or other means, for the
purpose of exploiting them.
 ELEMENTS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

1. The Act (What is done)

 recruitment, transportation, transfer,
harbouring or receipt of persons
2. The Means (How it is done)
 Threat or use of force, coercion,
abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of
power or vulnerability, or giving
payments or benefits to a person in
control of the victim
3. The Purpose (Why it is done)
 For the purpose of exploitation,
which includes exploiting the
prostitution of others, sexual
exploitation, forced labor, slavery or
similar practices and the removal of
organs.
CYBER CRIMES
 CYBER CRIMES

• Refers to all activities done with criminal intent in

the cyberspace.

• Crimes committed with the use of Information

Technology, where computer, network, internet is
the target and where the internet is the place of
activity.
 TYPES OF

CYBER CRIMES
 HACKING

• The act of illegally accessing the computer

system/network of an individual, group or
business enterprise without the consent or
approval of the owner of the system.
 CRACKING

• A higher form of hacking in which the

unauthorized access culminates with the
process of defeating the security system for
the purpose of acquiring money or
information and/or availing of free services.
 MALICIOUS SENDING OF E-MAILS

• Sending of malicious and defamatory

electronic mails as a medium of extorting
money, or threatening prospective victims.
 INTERNET PORNOGRAPHY

• Trafficking, distribution, posting and

dissemination of obscene material including
children’s nude pictures, indecent exposure
and child sex slavery posted into the
internet, live streaming videos aired
through the internet under a certain fee.
LAUNCHING OF HARMFUL VIRUSES
DISTRIBUTED DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACKS (DDOS)

WEBSITE DEFACEMENT
 The unauthorized modification of a website.

ACQUIRING CREDIT CARD INFORMATION FROM A

WEBSITE THAT OFFERS E-SERVICES
INTERNET SHOPPING USING FRAUDULENTLY
ACQUIRED CREDIT CARDS

WIRE TRANSFER OF FUNDS FROM A

FRAUDULENTLY ACQUIRED CREDIT CARD

ONLINE AUCTION FRAUD

 SELECTED

POLICE MODELS
JAPAN POLICE SYSTEM
National Public Safety

Commission
• An administrative commission
operating on the basis of liaison and
coordination with the Cabinet, the
National Public Safety Commission is a
government body responsible for the
administrative supervision of the
police.
The National Public Safety Commission is
composed of the Chairman and five
members. A minister in the Cabinet is
appointed as the chairman of the
Commission. The chairman presides over
Commission meetings and also
supervises matters relating to the
operation of the Commission.
National Police Agency
• The head of the NPA is the Commissioner
General who is appointed and dismissed by
the National Public Safety Commission with
the consent of the Prime Minister.
• Under control of the National Public Safety
Commission, the Commissioner-General
administers the tasks of the NPA, appoints
and dismisses Agency employees, and
supervises and controls the prefectural
police regarding the affairs under the
jurisdiction of the Agency.
NINE POLICE RANKS
• Keishi-sokan (Superintendent General of the
Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department),

• Keishi-kan (Superintendent Supervisor),

• Keishi-cho (Chief Superintendent),

• Keishi-sei (Senior Superintendent),

• Keishi (Superintendent),

• Keibu (Police Inspector),

• Keibu-ho (Assistant Police Inspector),

• Junsa-bucho (Police Sergeant)

• Junsa (Policeman).
 SINGAPORE

POLICE SYSTEM
 SINGAPORE

POLICE FORCE
• The main agency tasked with
maintaining law and order in
the city-state.

• Formerly known as the

Republic of Singapore Police
RANK STRUCTURE
• CP       - Commissioner of Police
• DC       - Deputy Commissioner of Police
• SAC     - Senior Assistant Commissioner of
Police
• DAC     - Deputy Assistant Commissioner
of Police
• AC       - Assistance Commissioner of
Police
• Supt     - Superintendent
• DSP     - Deputy Superintendent of
Police
• ASP     - Assistant Superintendent of
Police
• SSI2     - Senior Station Inspector 2
• Insp.      - Inspector
• SSI       - Senior Station Inspector
• SI         - Station Inspector
• SSS     - Senior Staff Sergeant
• SS       - Staff Sergeant  
• Sgt       - Sergeant
• Cpl       - Corporal
• PC - Police Constable
MINISTRY OF HOME
AFFAIRS
• A ministry of the Government of
Singapore responsible for public safety,
civil defense and immigration.

• It is also known as the Home Team.

• It is headed by the Minister for Home

Affairs.
POLICE SYSTEM OF

OTHER

ASEAN COUNTRIES
THAILAND
ROYAL THAI POLICE
• The national police of Thailand.

• Primary responsibility for the maintenance

of public order through enforcement of the
kingdom's laws

• Charged with performing police functions

throughout the entire country
INDONESIA
 INDONESIAN

NATIONAL POLICE
• The official police force for Indonesia

• The police were formally separated from

the military in April 1999, a process which
was formally completed in July 2000 and
placed under the Office of the President.

• Has a centralized command and divided

into territorial forces
RANK STRUCTURE
• In the early years, the Polri used European police
style ranks like inspector and commissioner. When
the police were included into the military structure
during the 1960s, the ranks changed to a military
style such as Captain, Major and Colonel. In the
year 2000, when the Polri conducted the transition
to a fully independent force out of the armed
forces 2000, they use British style police ranks like
Inspector and Superintendent. The Polri have
returned to Dutch style ranks just like in the early
years.
• Police General
> highest rank

• Second Police Brigadier

> lowest rank
MALAYSIA
 Royal Malaysian Police

• A main branch of security forces in Malaysia.

• The force is a centralized organization that has
a gamut of roles that ranges from traffic
control to intelligence.
• Our headquarters is located in Bukit Aman,
Kuala Lumpur.
• The Royal Malaysian Police force is led by an
Inspector-General of Police (IGP).
 Head of Police DEPARTMENT HIGHEST RANK LOWEST RANK

Police Chief Ministry of Inspector Constable

Home Affairs General of
Police

Royal
Malaysian
Police
Ranks
 Vietnam
People’s Police of Vietnam
The law enforcement in Vietnam is called the Vietnam
People's Public Security\. It is under command of the Ministry
of Public Security.

Vietnam People's Public Security is a part of Vietnam

People's Armed Forces, it includes two branches:

•Vietnam People's Police

•Vietnam People's Security Force

09/13/2021 85
Head of Police DEPARTMENT HIGHEST RANK LOWEST RANK

Police Chief Ministry of Police General Police Sub -

Public Security Lieutenant

Highest Rank (Army Forces)

Đại Tướng (General)
Thượng Tướng (Senior Lieutenant General)
Trung Tướng (Lieutenant General)
Thiếu Tướng (Major General)

Middle-ranking and Low-ranking Officers

Đại Tá (Colonel)
Thượng Tá (Senior Lieutenant Colonel)
Trung Tá (Lieutenant Colonel)
Thiếu Tá (Major)
Đại Úy (Captain)
Thượng Úy (Senior Lieutenant)
Trung Úy (Lieutenant)
Thiếu Úy (Junior Lieutenant) 86
 Myanmar (Burma)
Myanmar Police Force

formally known as The People's Police Force, was

established in 1964 as independent department under
Ministry of Home Affairs. It was reorganized on 1 October
1995 and informally become part of Tatmadaw. Its
command structure is based on established civil
jurisdictions. Each of Myanmar's seven states and seven
divisions has their own Police Forces with headquarters in
the respective capital cities.

09/13/2021 87
Head of Police DEPARTMENT HIGHEST RANK LOWEST RANK

Chief of Police Ministry of Police Major Private

Home Affairs General

There are 7 State and 7 regional/divisional Police Forces and

three additional State/Division Police Forces commanded by Police
Colonels. Their jurisdictions are divided according to the Civil
Administration. The States and Regional, Additional States have the
same status. Each State and Regional/divisional Police Force consist
of four components.
1. Office of the Commander of the State and Divisional Police Force
2. Office of the Commander of the District Police Force
3. Office of the Commander of the Township Police Force
4. Police Stations

09/13/2021 88
 Cambodia
Cambodian Police Force
The police are organized into six departments: 1. security, 2.
transport, 3. public order, 4. border, 5. administrative, and 5.
judicial. While the judicial police are meant to function under
the prosecutor-general's office.

Head of Police DEPARTMENT HIGHEST RANK LOWEST RANK

Police Chief Ministry of Brigadier Officer Cadet

Interior General

09/13/2021 89
 Cambodian Police Force Ranks
GENERAL (STARED)
 
Brigadier General
Major General
General Lieutenant

HIGH COMMISSIONER (STRIPED) (NON-STRIPED)

 
Major Staff Sergeant
Lieutenant Colonel First Sergeant
Colonel Command Sergeant Major
Second Lieutenant Warrant Officer
First Lieutenant Chief Warrant Officer
CAPTAIN Officer Cadet
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  90
 LAO People’s Democratic Republic
LAO Police Force

Head of Police DEPARTMENT HIGHEST RANK LOWEST RANK

Chief LAO Police Ministry of General Constable

Force Public Security

09/13/2021 91
 Brunei Darussalam
Royal Brunei Police Force

Head of Police DEPARTMENT HIGHEST RANK LOWEST RANK

Commissioner Ministry of Inspector Constable

Home Affairs General of
Police

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 AUSTRALIA

 Australian Federal Police (AFP)

 Home Affairs Ministry
 Federal Agent – lowest rank
 Chief Police Officer – highest rank
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

 US Federal Police
 Department of Justice
 Federal Police – lowest rank
 Police Chief – highest rank
EUROPEAN POLICE

SYSTEM
 FRANCE

 Police Nationale
 Ministry of the Interior
 Gardien de la Paix stagiaire – lowest rank
 Directeur des Services Actifs – highest rank
 BELGIUM

 Belgian Police
 Belgian Government
 Auxillary Police Officer – lowest rank
 Chief Police Commissioner – highest
rank
 LONDON

 City of London Police

 Metropolitan Police Service
 Police Constable – lowest rank
 Police Commissioner – highest rank
 PHILIPPINES

 Philippine National Police

 Department of the Interior and Local
Government (DILG)
 Police Officer I – lowest rank
 Police Director General – highest rank
 UN STRUCTURE

JURGEN STOCK

193 MEMBERS

09/13/2021 100
 SECURITY COUNCIL
Under the United Nations Charter, the functions
and powers of the Security Council are:
• to maintain international peace and security
in accordance with the principles and
purposes of the United Nations;
• to investigate any dispute or situation which
might lead to international friction;

09/13/2021 101
• to recommend methods of adjusting such
disputes or the terms of settlement;
• to formulate plans for the establishment of a
system to regulate armaments;
• to determine the existence of a threat to the
peace or act of aggression and to recommend
what action should be taken;

09/13/2021 102
• to call on Members to apply economic sanctions and
other measures not involving the use of force to
prevent or stop aggression;
• to take military action against an aggressor; to
recommend the admission of new Members;
• to exercise the trusteeship functions of the United
Nations in "strategic areas";
• to recommend to the General Assembly the
appointment of the Secretary-General and, together
with the Assembly, to elect the Judges of the
International Court of Justice.
09/13/2021 103
 CURRENT MEMBERS
• The Council is composed of 15
Members:
• five permanent members: China,
France, Russian Federation,
the United Kingdom, and
the United States,

09/13/2021 104
• and ten non-permanent members elected for
two-year terms by the General Assembly (with
end of term date): Angola (2016)
• Chad (2015)
• Chile (2015)
• Jordan (2015)
• Lithuania (2015)
• Malaysia (2016)
• New Zealand (2016)
• Nigeria (2015)
• Spain (2016)
• Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) (2016)

09/13/2021 105
THE ROLE OF

INTERPOL
 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE
ORGANIZATION (ICPO)
 An organization facilitating international police
cooperation.

 Established as International Criminal Police

Commission in 1923.

 190 member countries

 Headquarters: Lyon, France

INTERPOL’S STRUCTURE
 GENERAL ASSEMBLY
• INTERPOL’s supreme governing body, it meets
annually and comprises delegates appointed by
each member country. The assembly takes all
important decisions related to policy, resources,
working methods, finances, activities and
programs.
 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
• this 13-member committee is elected by
the General Assembly, and comprises the
president, three vice-presidents and nine
delegates covering the four regions.
 GENERAL SECRETARIAT
• located in Lyon, France, the General Secretariat operates
24 hours a day, 365 days a year and is run by the
Secretary General. Officials from more than 80 countries
work side-by-side in any of the Organization’s four official
languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish. The
Secretariat has seven regional offices across the world; in
Argentina, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, El Salvador, Kenya,
Thailand and Zimbabwe, along with Special
Representatives at the United Nations in New York and at
the European Union in Brussels.
 NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAUS (NCB)

• Each INTERPOL member country maintains a

National Central Bureau staffed by national law
enforcement officers. The NCB is the designated
contact point for the General Secretariat,
regional offices and other member countries
requiring assistance with overseas investigations
and the location and apprehension of fugitives.
 ADVISERS
• these are experts in a purely advisory
capacity, who may be appointed by
the Executive Committee and
confirmed by the General Assembly.
COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF INTERPOL’S FILES
(CCF)

• this is an independent body whose mandate is

threefold: (1) to ensure that the processing of
personal information by INTERPOL complies
with the Organization's regulations, (2) to
advise INTERPOL on any project, operation, set
of rules or other matter involving the
processing of personal information and (3) to
process requests concerning the information
contained in INTERPOL's files.
 CORE FUNCTIONS
1. Secure global police communication services
 INTERPOL’s global police communications system,
known as I-24/7, enables police in all member
countries to request, submit and access vital data
instantly in a secure environment.
2. Operational data services and databases
for police
 Member countries have direct and
immediate access to a wide range of
databases including information on known
criminals, fingerprints, DNA profiles and
stolen or lost travel documents. INTERPOL
also disseminates critical crime-related data
through a system of international notices.
3. Operational police support services

 INTERPOL provides law enforcement officials in

the field with emergency support and
operational activities, especially in its
priority crime areas. A
Command and Co-ordination Centre operates
24 hours a day, seven days a week and can
deploy an Incident Response Team to the scene
of a serious crime or disaster.

 
4. Police training and development
 INTERPOL provides focused police training
initiatives with the aim of enhancing the
capacity of member countries to effectively
combat transnational crime and terrorism. This
includes sharing knowledge, skills and best
practices in policing and establishing global
standards.
 CONVENTION AGAINST

TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED

CRIME
 United Nations-sponsored multilateral treaty
against transnational organized crime, adopted
in 2000.
 It is also called the PALERMO CONVETION.
• Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish
Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and
Children
• Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by
Land, Sea and Air.
ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST

ASIAN NATIONS CHIEFS OF

NATIONAL POLICE

(ASEANAPOL)
 PNP is a member of the ASEANAPOL.

 The ASEANAPOL deals with the preventive

enforcement and operational aspects of
cooperation against transnational crime.

 Actively involved in sharing knowledge and

expertise on policing, enforcement, law,
criminal justice, and transnational and
international crimes.
THANK YOU!