Bacteriology

Kurnia Dwi Artanti

CLASSIFICATION OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS
(1 of 2)

• Bacteria – survive on appropriate media, stain gram-positive or

-negative
• Viruses – obbligate intracellular parasites which only replicate
intracellularly (DNA, RNA)
• Fungi – non-motile filamentous, branching strands of connected cells
• Metazoa – multicellular animals (e.g.parasites) with complicated life
cycles often involving several hosts
CLASSIFICATION OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS
(2 of 2)

• Protozoa – single cell organisms with a well-defined nucleus

• Rickettsia – very small bacteria spread by ticks
• Prions – unique proteins lacking genetic molecules
• Chlamydia – bacteria lacking cell walls
 Bacteria
Description
• Unicellular
• Prokaryotic
• Primitive nucleus
• No nucleus membrane
• Genome
• Single circular molecule double stranded DNA
• Can harbour independent small circular DNA molecules called plasmids
• Structure
• Rigid wall which determines their shape
Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
Prokaryote Eukaryote
Size Comparison of Microbes
 Bacterial Cell Structure

James D. Dick, PhD, Johns Hopkins University

Taxonomy of Bacteria

Strain O157:H7
Microbiological Classification of Infectious
Diseases
• Bacteria are classified by their Gram stain
characteristics.
• Gram staining is the application of a crystal violet dye
to a culture of bacteria. Bacteria that retain the color
of the dye are called Gram positive; bacteria that
don't are Gram negative.
• The Gram stain attaches to peptidoglycan in the bacterial
cell wall.
• In Gram-negative bacteria, the peptidoglycan layer is protected by
an outer membrane.
Microbiological Classification of Bacteria
Overall structure of bacterial cell walls

Gram –ve cell wall Gram +ve cell wall

Bacteria Classification
Microbiological Classification Bacteria by shape
 Gram-Positives Gram Stain Gram-negatives

Gram-positive cocci in clusters (Staphylococci) Gram-negative rods

Gram-positive rods

Gram-positive Cocci in
chains (Streptococci) Gram-negative cocci
Gram Stain - Importance

• First stage of identification

• (Culture)
• Indicator for treatment
• (Sensitivity)
Gram Stain
• +ve cocci, clustered S. Aureus (coag -ve)
• +ve cocci, paired or chains Strep.
Enterococci
• +ve bacilli (large + spores) Clostridium
• -ve cocci (intra-cellular) Gonorrhoea
• -ve rods, coliform E. Coli/Coliforms
Pseudomonas
• -ve rods Anaerobes
Haemophilus spp
Culture & Sensitivity
• Culture
• Aerobic/Anaerobic
• Haemolytic
• Others (type of media)
• Sensitivity
• Antibiotics
 Bacterial Cell Division Super coiled DNA
DNA relaxation
and duplication

Duplication of the DNA

Enzymatic Cleavage
bacterial chromosome replicates leading
to two identical chromosomes

Division

Identical Daughter cells

Genetic variability
Lateral gene transfer
Virulence

‘ quantitative measure of pathogenicity or the

likelihood of causing disease’
Virulence factors
1. Aid colonisation
1. Adhesion proteins
2. Entry into cells
2. Aid survival
1. Immune avoidance eg. antiphagocytic
2. Immunosuppression
3. Damage host
1. Toxins
4. Obtain nutrition from host
Obligatory steps for infection

Attachment +/- Evade natural protection

and cleansing mechanisms
Entry into body

Local or general spread

Evade immediate local defences

Multiplication

Evasion of host defences

Evade immune and other defences for
growth in the host to be completed

Shedding from body Leave body

at a site and on a scale that ensures
spread to fresh host- transmission
Relationship with humans
• We are sterile in utero
• Shortly after birth colonised
• Of 100000000 bacterial only 1000 are successful
• Suggests highly evolved
Microbiome
Vaginal Flora
• Lactobacilli (Gram -ve)
• Gram -ve
• Gram +ve
• Atopobium spp.
• Peptostrep. spp.
• E. Coli
• Staph. Spp. • Others
• Strep. Spp. • Candida albicans
• Bacteroides • Mycoplasma
• Fusobacterium spp.
• Gardnerella Vaginalis • Ureaplasma
• Mobiluncus
• Prenotella spp.
 Bacteria and Human body
• Bacteria >10x than human cells in the body (10¹ versus
10¹³)
• Skin surface and in deep layers
• Saliva and oral mucosa
• Gastrointestinal tracts
• Genital tract
• Normal microbiota or microflora
• Beneficial to human health
• Opportunistic infections
• < 10% culturable
• Others not part of normal microbiota
• Pathogenic
• Opportunistic pathogens
• Structure Bacteria
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ei6Z7orCpPk

• Imun cell eating bacteria

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZYLeIJwe4w
• TB bacteria
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCYAT2AT4xw
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w3XYUDoLkS0