ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

CITY OF ILAGAN CAMPUS

Department of Arts and Sciences
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY

INNATE
IMMUNITY
CHARLES Z. ARIOLA JR., RN, MSN, LPT.
OBJECTIVES:
At The End Of The Discussion, The Students Shall Be Able To:
1. Briefly Describe The Functions Of The Important Phagocytic Cells: Neutrophils,
Monocytes/Macrophages.
 
2. Define Cytokines And Describe Their General Properties.
 
3. Define Complement, List Its Major Functions, And Draw A Simple Diagram Of The
Complement Pathways.
 
4. Describe A Typical Inflammatory Response To A Localised Infection Involving
Recruitment Of Neutrophils, And Phagocytosis And Killing Of Bacteria.
 
5. Briefly Outline The Events Involved In A Systemic Acute Phase Response.
 
6. Outline The Phenotype And Functions Of Natural Killer (Nk) Cells.
INNATE IMMUNITY
- Present from birth- “in built”

- Not antigen specific, but recognizes pathogen-associated molecular

patterns (PAMP)

- Not enhanced by second exposure, i.e. no memory (comes directly from

lymphocytes)

- Uses cellular and humoral components in body fluids

- Rapid response, cooperates with and directs adaptive immunity

PHAGOCYTOSIS
- Phagocytic cells can ingest whole microorganisms, insoluble particles,
dead host cells, cell debris and activated clotting factors.

- In the first step, there has to be adherence of the material to the cell
membrane.

- Finger-like projections called pseudopodia engulf the material, and a

membrane-bound structure called a phagosome is formed.
 CONT...
- This then fuses with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome, mixing
the contents of the lysosome with the engulfed material.

- Lysosomes contain hydrogen peroxide, oxygen free-radicals, and

various hydrolytic enzymes which can digest and break down the
engulfed material.

- Finally, any waste products are released from the cell.

 PHAGOCYTIC CELLS
Neutrophils

- (POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTE)

 
- 50-70% of leukocytes
- short lived cells, circulate in blood then migrate into tissues;
first cells to be recruited to a site of tissue damage/infection
 CONT...
Macrophages
- less abundant
- dispersed throughout the tissues
signal infection by release of soluble mediators
NEUTROPHILS
TO FIGHT INFECTION,
NEUTROPHILS:

1.Migrate to site of infection

2.Bind pathogen- Opsonisation
3.Phagocytose
4.Kill pathogen
 PHAGOCYTE DEFICIENCY
- Associated with infections due to extracellular bacteria and fungi
Bacteria
Staphylococcus aureas
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Escherichia coli
Fungi
Candida albicans
Aspergillus flavus
- Deep skin infections, impaired would healing
- Poor response to antibiotics (E.g. chronic granulomas disease)
 PHAGOCYTES
Monocytes
- Circulate in blood
- Smaller than tissue macrophages

Macrophages
- Express pathogen recognition receptors
- Bacteria bind to macrophage receptors- initiate a response release of cytokine
(soluble mediators SIGNAL INFECTION)
- Phagocytosis then occurs: Engulf and digest bacteria
 CYTOKINES
- Small secreted proteins
- Cell-to-cell communication
- Generally act locally
- Powerful at low concentrations
- Short-lived
 
INTERLEUKINS (IL-x) - Between leukocytes approx 35 different types
INTERFERONS (IFN) - Anti-viral effectsapprox 20-25 different types
CHEMOKINES - Chemotaxis, movement approx 50 different types
GROWTH FACTORS - development of immune system
CYTOTOXIC - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
 BACTERIAL SEPTIC SHOCK

- Systemic infection
- Increased vascular permeability
- Severe drop in blood pressure
-10% mortality
 DENDRITIC CELLS
- Network of cells located at likely sites of infection, in
the skin and near mucosal epithelia
- Recognize microbial patterns, secrete cytokines
- engulf pathogens, and migrate to local lymph node to
present antigens to adaptive immune system