Outline

 Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons

 History
 Compare to Linear Accelerators
 Schematic Views
 Theory of Circular Accelerators
 Development of Synchrotron
 Advantages over Cyclotron
 Schematic View
 Conclusion
 Future of Synchrotrons
 Applications of Synchrotron Radiation
 History  Cyclotron conceived by E.
Lawrence in 1929
 Ions accelerated using
radial magnetic force
 Less voltage needed than in
linear accelerators
 More compact

 Synchrocyclotron developed
in 1950s
 Relativistic mass increase
 Synchrotron invented soon
thereafter
 Varying magnetic field
http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/
 Cheaper and Easier
Linear Accelerator
Compare to a circular accelerator
Much higher voltage needed
Not cost-effective

http://www-nsd.lbl.gov/
Cyclotron Schematic
Top View Side View
Injected ions

Uniform
Alternating B-field
region
E-field

Ejected ions
www.hyperphysics.com
 The Cyclotron B

 Period is independent of F
velocity
 Particle steered by magnet
v
 Moves in larger circles in equal
amounts of time F= ma
 Gains more & more energy q(v×B)= mv2/ r
 Accelerates to large energies For circular orbits,

without large voltages q(v×B)= qvB

 Energy limits- disk size, B-field r= mv/qB

strength ~~ 100 MeV ω= v/ r= qB/m

”cyclotron frequency” f=ω/2= qB/2m

http://www-nsd.lbl.gov/
 Synchrocyclotron
 An augmented cyclotron
 Particles in cyclotrons gain
mass due to relativity
 Increases period each
revolution
 “frequency modulation”

http://imglib.lbl.gov/cgi-bin/ImgLib
Synchrotron

Notice:
particles
travel in a
ring, not
a disk

universe-review.ca/
 Synchrotrons
 Magnetic field gradually
increases as energy
increases
 Particles accelerated in a
ring, not a disk
 Allows for cheaper
construction

http://imglib.lbl.gov/cgi-bin/ImgLib
 Conclusion
 The Future of Synchrotrons
 Energies up to 1000 GeV
 Behavior of the nucleus
 The Strong Force
 Quarks

 Matter-antimatter collisions

 Synchrotron Radiation
 “Unwanted” byproduct
 Applications
 Surface Imaging
 Semiconductor manufacture

 Quicker computer processors

http://www.europhysicsnews.com
 References
 www.hyperphysics.com
 http://www-nsd.lbl.gov/
 http://universe-review.ca/
 http://about-nature.net/synchrotron/
 http://synchrotronsbasic.net
 http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/mvigeant/
 http://www.europhysicsnews.com/full/08/ar
ticle3/
 http://imglib.lbl.gov/cgi-bin/ImgLib