Planets

What do you know about

the planets?
Planet order plus the asteroid
and Kuiper Belts
Terrestrial versus jovian planets
 Terrestrial: rocky
with small amounts
of ice
 Earth: only planet
with liquid water
 Jovian: large
amount of ammonia
and methane ice
with a rocky or
metallic core
 Relative
planet size
 Mercury
 Smallest
 Densest
 Craters and lava flows visible
 Cooled, lacks tectonic activity
 Thin layer of gases
 Magnetic field
 Perhaps ice at poles
 Extreme temperatures:
• Sunny side 950 degrees F
• Dark side: -346 degrees F
 Why are craters rare on Earth and
common on the Moon and Mercury?

The Earth’s surface is

mobile due to
processes that
produce plate
tectonics.
 Messenger spacecraft

 Launched 2004
 Orbit Mercury,
March 18, 2011
 Messenger: mission
to Mercury
 Why so dense?
 Core size and
composition?
 Magnetic field?
 Ice? If so
composition?
 Extreme
temperatures-results?
 Only 45% of surface
has been observed
Gravitational Force: the attraction
between two masses (remember
Newton’s equation?)
 Your weight is the attraction between
the Earth’s mass and yours
 What would be your weight on
Mercury?
• More or less?
 Gavitational pull
 Earth: 150 pounds
 Mercury: 57 pounds
 Venus
 Slightly smaller than Earth
 Very hot: 900 degrees F
 Retrograde rotation (opposite the
Earth)
 Visible in the sky: the morning “star”
 Venus’ Atmosphere
 Water and carbon dioxide:97%
 No liquid water
 Extreme pressure: 92 X pressure on
Earth at sea level (same as .6 miles
deep in ocean)
 Electrical storms within the clouds
 Sulfuric acid clouds
• Can move at 350 KM/hr
Greenhouse effect: explanation
to why Venus’ surface is so hot
 97%CO2 ,3% N

Water vapor
and Carbon
dioxide
absorb
infrared
radiation
 Venus
 Tectonic activity
 Mantle convection
 Upwelling of
mantle material
 Down-welling of
mantle material
 Basaltic volcanism
Radar data enabled
 Lack of crater scientists to penetrate
impacts implying Venus' thick clouds and
mobile surface create simulated views
of the surface.
 Exploring Venus

 Magellan, 1990-
1995
 Radar images of
Venus’ surface
 Mars

 4th planet, red planet

 Temperature: -207 degrees to 32
degrees F
 Atmosphere: 95 % carbon dioxide
 Water once flowed on surface
 Sea existed perhaps 5 million years
ago
 Olympus Mons

 Explored remotely by man

 Thought most likely to have had life
 Evidence of water erosion: Valles
Marineris
 Volcanism: largest mountain in the
solar system (24x500 KM)
 Polar ice caps of solid water and
Carbon dioxide
 Comparison to Earth
 When a rocky planet’s core cools
• Magnetic field is lost
• Tectonic activity ceases
• Atmosphere is lost
 Mars’ Moons

Deimos: 7.5
Phobos
miles across

Asteroid like
 Sunrise on Mars, August 26, 2008
Mars

The Phoenix Lander arrived May 25.

2008
•Polar region: explore the possibility
of life; characterize climate; the
geology
Picture taken on December 21,
2008 by Mars reconnaissance
orbiter ( in orbit since 2001)
 Jupiter
 1000 Earths could fit inside an empty
Jupiter
 Atmosphere: H, He some methane,
ammonia
 Surface pressures so great H gas
converted to liquid
 Metallic hydrogen core
 63 Moons
 Orbit around Sun: 12 Earth years
 Rotation: 9 hours, 56 minutes
 Jupiter
 Pressure breaks up atoms: electrons
flow freely, single protons causes
Hydrogen to become metallic
 Magnetic field: 10 x stronger
than Earth
 Great Red Spot
 1st photographed by
Voyager 1, 1979
 Colors are due to
warm air rising and
cooler air sinking
 Winds blow counter
clockwise around the
spot
 Two times larger than
Earth
 Migrates east and
west
 Galileo spacecraft: launched
1989 crashed 2003
 1st to fly past an asteroid
 Measured Jupiter’s
atmosphere
 Evidence of salt water on
Europa, Ganymede, and
Callisto
 Volcanism on Io
 Purposefully crashed into
Jupiter to discover Arrived to Jupiter, 1995
temperatures and
pressures
 Galileo: observed 4 of Jupiter’s 63
moons

Ganymede
•Europa
Io
Callisto

6 year mission by the spacecraft Galileo

 Io

•The most volcanically active in solar system

•Some volcanoes are hotter than on Earth
•100 foot tidal pull on surface
 Europa

•Roughly the size of our moon

•More water than Earth
•Thin oxygen atmosphere
•May have a liquid ocean below icy surface
•Cooled, icy crust, brown = non-ice
•Internal source of heat
 Ganymede

•Largest moon
•Has a magnetic field
•Rocky core
•Icy outer layer
 Callisto

•Size of Mercury
•Cratered surface
•Rocky core
•Icy mantle
 Saturn

 6th planet
 Atmosphere:75% Hydrogen, 25% Helium
 Rocky, metallic interior core; liquid
metallic hydrogen
 Rings are composed of debris held in orbit
by Saturn’s gravitational force
 Some debris is thought to come from
volcanism on Saturn’s moon IO
 Saturn
 Hubble photograph
 1996-2000
 Rotates on its axis
 Orbiting around the
Sun
 Each season is 7
years
 30 Earth years to
orbit the Sun
 10.5 hour rotation
 Saturn’s Rings
 Water ice, dust, and
gases
 Particles range in size
from pebble to house
size
 18,000 miles wide
 .6 mile thick
Saturn has 62 Moons
 Spacecraft Cassini (artist’s
interpretation)
Since 2004, this spacecraft is collecting data from
Saturn and several moons

Picture of
one moon
 Titan

 Largest satellite of
Saturn
 Rocky core, shell of
water ice
 Atmosphere:
nitrogen and
methane
 Uranus
 Blue-green color: crystals of
methane
 Atmosphere: H and He
 Interiors are composed of
methane, ammonia and
water
 Core is composed of rock
and metal
 84 Earth year orbit
 17 hour rotation
 98 degree tilt on its axis
 Voyager 2, 1986
 Magnetic field on
Uranus is tilted at
58 degrees
 Uranus has a
number of rings
 Ranging from3-60
miles thick
 Neptune
 Magnetic field is
tilted at 50 degree
 4 X bigger than
Earth
 Orbit: 165 Earth
years
 H, He, water and
silicates
 Solid rocky core
 11 satellites
 Asteroids Asteroid Gaspra

 Small fragments of
rock from the solar
system’s formation
19x12x11 kms

Red indicates
asteroid belt
path
 Asteroids passing Earth
 Two asteroids pass
Earth at about the
distance of the
Moon
 One is 32-65 feet
in size
 The other is 20-46
feet in size
 Dinosaur Extinction
 65 million years
ago
 Asteroid impact
 190 miles in
diameter
 Sent debris into the
atmosphere,
blocking solar
radiation
 Reduced plant
growth
 Comets

 Composed of ice (ammonia, methane,

carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide)
 Rocky core
 Tail: solar wind and radiation pressure move
ionized gases and dust
 Sublimation: the change in state from
solid to gas without passing through the
liquid stage
 Kuiper Belt
 Comets orbit the
Sun in the same
plane as the
planets
 Meteoroids
 Less than a meter
 Debris from
asteroid belt,
interplanetary
material or the
moon
 Friction from the
meteoroids and air
heats both and we
see a “shooting
star” Next meteor showers:
August 12-13, 60
meteors/hour
 New Information
 Kepler-11 star,
2000 light years
away
 Appears to have
rocky planets
 Most complete
planetary system
This concludes the astronomy
portion of the class.