 Gyanesh Tiwari

 Govind Kumar
 Arpit Jain

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Content
 Why fuel efficiency is important
 Environmental impacts and public concerns
 A short history of electric and hybrid technology
 How hybrid and electric cars work
 Why they are fuel efficient
 Advantages and issues
 Technological challenges
 Next generation of green vehicles
  Q&A

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 Why fuel efficiency is important
World energy shortage and growing demand have caused energy crises

World oil consumption, 2007

Oil – US
consumption
Rank Country (bbl/day) Date
1 World 85,220,000 2007 est.
2 United States 20,680,000 2007 est.

3 European Union 14,390,000 2007

4 China 7,880,000 2007 est.

5 Japan 5,007,000 2007 est.

6 India 2,722,000 2007 est.

7 Russia 2,699,000 2007 est.

8 Germany 2,456,000 2007 est.

9 Brazil 2,372,000 2007 est.

10 Canada 2,371,000 2007 est.

18 Iran 1,600,000 2007 est.

  Rest of the world 23,043,000 2007 est.

Source: www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook
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Why fuel efficiency is important
• Oil Reserves are
diminishing

• New data shows Canada

has world second largest
oil reserves after Saudi
Arabia

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Why fuel efficient cars?
 Global warming due to CO2 emission
Combustion (burning)
Fuel(C,H)+O2  CO2 + CO + H2O + energy(heat)

CO2 emission 1980-1999

%32 for Transportation

 Toxic pollutants such as SOX and NOX, CO and unburned

hydrocarbons
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 Hybrid cars
2009 Toyota Prius
Hybrid
 2009 Toyota Corolla
Conventional
About $780/year fuel savings
Assume $1 /1L
15000km / year
Invaluable benefit for environment

5.3 Lit/100 Km 10.5 Lit/100 Km

Better fuel efficiency, up to %80 theoretically possible

Less CO2 emission and pollution
Lower maintenance

Source: www.fueleconomy.gov
US DOE 6
A short history of hybrid & electric cars
 1825
 Steam Engine Car, British inventor Goldsworthy
 85 miles round trip took 10 hours (14 km/h)
 1870
 First electric car was build in Scotland
 1897
 The London Electric Cab Company used a 40-cell battery and 3
horsepower electric motor,
 Could be driven 50 miles between charges
 1898
 The German Dr. Porsche, at age 23, Built the world's first front-wheel-
drive
 Porsche's second car was a hybrid, using an internal combustion
engine to spin a generator that provided power to electric motors located
in the wheel hubs. On battery alone, the car could travel nearly 40 miles

Source: www.hybridcars.com/history
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A short history of hybrid & electric cars
 1900
 US car companies made 1,681 steam, 1,575 electric and 936
gasoline cars.
 In a poll, electric was the first choice, followed by steam
 1904
 Henry Ford overcame the gasoline engine issues: noise, vibration,
and odor
 Produced low-priced, lightweight, gas-powered vehicles
 Within a few years, the Electric Vehicle Company failed
 1997-99
 Toyota, Audi, Honda, Ford, GM followed by other main car
manufactures introduced new generation of electric and hybrid cars
 2004
 The Toyota Prius II won 2004 Car of the Year Awards from Motor Trend
Magazine and the North American Auto Show.
 Toyota was surprised by the demand and pumped up its production from
36,000 to 47,000 for the U.S
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Source: www.hybridcars.com/history
Where does fuel energy go in a conventional car

•87.4 % of fuel energy is wasted

•Only 12.6 % of fuel energy is transferred to the wheels
•5.8 % is turned to kinetic energy, consumed in the brake
•17.2 % idling losses, engine on with no torque

Source: www.fueleconomy.gov
US DOE 9
How hybrids save fuel
1. Engine is turned off at:
 Stops
 Lower speed (say less that 15 km/h), an electric motor drives
the car until speed reaches a certain limit, then engine kicks
in
 When vehicle is stopping or going downhill, engine is turned
off, Regenerative braking is applied
2. When engine operates in an inefficient mode(e.g. at very high
or very low engine speeds), the electric motor kicks in and
assists engine. Engine is driven to its optimum operating zone
3. Engine can be made smaller, due to electric motor assistance

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 1
E  m(VA2  VB2 )
2
A B
• VB > V A accelerating, fuel is consumed, kinetic energy is increased

A B
• VA > V B braking, vey little fuel is consumed, kinetic energy is
reduced
energy is dissipated in the brakes as heat in conventional
cars

In hybrids braking energy is recovered by an electric

generator and stored in a battery
it is called regenerative energy, or “Regen Energy”

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 E  mgh

Need engine power, fuel is consumed, potential energy is increased

no need for engine power

Braking, vey little fuel is consumed, potential energy is reduced energy is

dissipated in the brakes as heat in conventional cars

In hybrids braking energy is recovered, Engine can be turned off

automatically going downhill

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Optimum engine operation condition
Optimum operating rang
Engine Map

BSFC [g/kWh]

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How Hybrids work
Click on the link below to see a hybrid animation

Hybrid Demo

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A hybrid System
VCU
Prius does not have
•step gears
•clutch or
•torque converter
•starter motor
•alternator

Eclectic motors
and planetary
gear system
work as a CVT
or Continuously
Variable
Transmission
Schematic diagram of Prius
www.cleangreencar.co.nz/page/prius-technical-info

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How Hybrids work
Eclectic motors
and planetary
gear system
work as a CVT
or Continuously
Variable
Transmission

Prius Planetary Gear

www.cleangreencar.co.nz/page/prius-technical-info 16
Hybrid engine and electric motors
Hybrid engine
is smaller than
conventional
the engine

Prius Hybrid
www.cleangreencar.co.nz/page/prius-technical-info 17
How Electric cars work

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Electric cars
Have comparable speed and power
Zero emission for hydro electric grids like BC 100 years old
High overall fuel efficiency, thermal power plants can
have up to 80% efficiency and lower emission
No IC engine, no transmission, no engine oil, no gearbox
fluid
Lower maintenance
Lower price
Good for inner city short trips
Simple and mature tech
Low noise

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Plug in hybrid
Plug in hybrid has advantages of the both

GM 2011 Chevrolet Volt can run for 40 miles on

electric power alone
Only uses gasoline to power a generator if the 40-
mile range is exceeded

Chevrolet Volt

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 Hybrid cars issues
 Currently more expensive than conventional
 Heavier than conventional, due to battery pack and electric motors
weight
 Limited battery life
 Expensive battery pack if you want to replace it
 Safety issues, high voltage battery and fuel
 Reliability, still under study,
 More complex computer controlled systems
 May have drivability issues
 Expensive to repair

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Electric cars issues
 Needs heavy duty power plug terminal (high current) everywhere:
home, parking and street with metering device
 Electric energy infrastructure (generation, transmission and
distribution) must be expanded to provide extra energy for this type
of cars.
 Travels short distances, inner city
 Low speed
 Battery charging takes time
 Limited battery life
 Safety issues
 Need new regulatory standards and
 New building electric code

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Technology challenges and opportunities
 Battery capacity reduces by time, even you do not use it.
 This will impact fuel economy

The Honda Insight’s battery pack

 Fuel economy is dependant
on battery capacity
120 Panasonic 1.2-volt cells (total 144 V)
Nickel metal hydride
100A discharge, and 50A charge rates
The system limits the usable capacity to 4ah to
extend battery life

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Technology challenges and opportunities
 Time of battery changing is long(plug in hybrid)
 Batteries are heavy (100kg extra weight consumes 2L/100km more)
 Batteries are expensive
 Low performance in hot or cold temperatures also may damage the
battery
 Very sensitive to overcharge/undercharge(Battery life reduces
dramatically)
 Contain toxic heavy metals, disposal issue

Opportunity for researchers:

Advance research projects on batteries are supported by governments
and industries

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Next generation of green vehicles
• Plug in hybrids with Lithium Ion Batteries and Ultra Capacitors
• Hybrid Buses
• Hybrid trucks with compressed gas energy storage systems
• Hybrid trains
• EVs everywhere

Hybrids on the Market

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Fail safe systems

A fail safe system?

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