METHODS OF ACQUIRING KNOWLEDGE IN NURSING

PROBLEM SOLVING
SCIENTIFIC METHODS
DEFINITION,PURPOSES,CHARACTERISTICS &TYPES OF
RESEARCH.

PRESENTED BY:
BHUT DRASHTI K.
ROLL NO.:01
F.Y.M.SC.NURSING
GIMH,AHEMDABAD.
 Introduction
A well-developed & reliable body of knowledge is
a foundation for any profession.
This most sought-after knowledge can be
acquired from highly structured as well as loosely
arranged processes or methods.
The method of acquiring the nursing knowledge
may be classified under two broad categories, i.e.
1. Unstructured methods of acquiring the
knowledge
2. Structured methods of acquiring the
2
knowledge
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 Unstructured Methods
• Traditional nursing knowledge is
Tradition learnt mainly from books,
journals, by words of mouth,
and by observing the practices
of others.
• There are authorities (People
with specialized expertise in
every field). The people with
Authority higher length of experience
in a discipline & with virtue of
their position are believed to
be a sound source of
4 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspokt.cnomowledge & understanding. 4/21/2016
 Unstructured Methods

• It is known as information
obtained through sixth sense
Intuition without conscious thinking but
in this the rationalizing the
information may not be
obtained.

• Nurses & midwives base their

practices in great part on
Experience their own experience & to a
lesser extent on the
experience of others.
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 Unstructured Methods

• In this approach,
alternatives are tried
Trial successively until a
solution to a problem is
and found. In day-to-day life,
everybody uses this
Error techniques to solve much
type of problem,
including professional
ones.

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 Structured Methods
• It is the process of
Inductive developing
Reasoning  It generalization
is the process of from
specific
developing observation.
specific
prediction from
general principles.
Deductive  In making clinical decision,
health care professionals also
rely on information that has
been assembled for variety of
Reasoning purposes.

Assembled

Information
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 Structured •Methods
Nurses use problem-solving process
to solve a particular problem & find
a particular intervention effective.
Problem Thus, problem solving for one
situation contributes to the nurse’s
Solving
knowledge for problem solving in
• oRht eesresairmchalicrosntiduuactti
oendsw.ithin a disciplined
sophisticated method of acquiring
format is the most
Scientific knowledge. Findings from rigorous
research investigations are
methods/ considered to be at pinnacle of the
research evidence hierarchy for
establishing
evidence-based nursing (EBN)
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p r a c tices.
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4/21/2016
 ?
? ? ? ? ?
?
? PROBLEM SOLVING?
?
? ? ? ? ? ?
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INTROCUCTIO
N
 In this approach, possible solutions are
carefully evaluated & one of them is chosen
for implementation.
 The situation is carefully monitored over time
to ensure the initial & continued effectiveness
of the solution.
 Therefore, problem solving for one situation
contributes to the nurse’s knowledge for
problem solving in other similar situations.

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PROBLEM-SOLVING
Evaluatio PROCESS
Problem
n& definition
revision

Impleme
nting Problem
the
solution analysis

Selectin
g the Generating
best possible
solution solutions
s Analyzin
g the
solution 3
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PROBLEM-SOLVING PROCESS
• In this first step, there is a need to write down
what exactly the problem entails, which helps to
identify the real problem that is under study &
Problem needs an immediate solution.
definition

• To analysis how the problem affects the

researcher & his or her current situation & other
people involved in the situation.
Problem • The gravity of the problem & all the factors that
are contributing to the problem are
determined
analysis
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PROBLEM-SOLVING PROCESS
• Focus must be on identifying & generating all
possible solutions for a problem.
• Each potential idea for solution of a problem
Generating must be considered without discarding it
possible
solutions through value judgment.

• Various factors about each of the potential

solutions are investigated, wherein all the
positive & negative aspects of each solution are
Analyzing the
analyzed.
solutions

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PROBLEM-SOLVING PROCESS
• An attempt is made to compare the
available solutions, & eventually the
Selecting the best solutions is selected based on
best solutions the careful judgment.

• The final step of the problem-solving

process is to practically solve the
Implementing problem by implementing the
the selected solutions.
solutions

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PROBLEM-SOLVING PROCESS
• After implementation of the most
potential solution, an evaluation is
made to judge the effectiveness of
the solution in resolving the
problem.
• It also helps to redefine the
problem & revise the problem-
Evaluation solving process in case the initial
and revision solution fails to manage the
problem effectively.

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COMPARISON BETWEEN THE STEPS OF THE RESEARCH
PROCESS AND PROBLEM-SOLVING PROCESS

Research Process Problem-

solving Process
State a research question or problem Problem definition

Define the purpose or the rationale for Problem

analysis the study
Review related literature Generating
Formulate hypothesis & define possible solution(s)
variables
Select a method to test hypothesis Analyzing the best
solution(s)
Select a population, sample, & Selecting the best solution(s)
setting Conduct a pilot study
Collect the data Implementing the solution(s)
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DEFINITION OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS

 Scientific methods are defined as controlled, systematic

investigations that are rooted in objective reality & that
aim to develop general knowledge about natural
phenomena.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF
SCIENTIFIC
They are orderlyMETHODS
& systematic processes.
Scientists attempt to control external factors that are
not under direct investigation.
Their findings are based on the empirical evidences.
Findings of scientific methods can be generalized,
which means that they can be used in situations
other than the one under study.
Scientific methods are based on assumptions
or hypothesis.
They are basically conduced to develop or
test hypothesis.

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PURPOSES OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS

 The basic purposes of scientific methods are description,

exploration, explanation, prediction, control,
prescription, & identification of relationship of the facts.

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STEPS OF SCIENTIFC METHODS
Selecting the topic & identifying the
research problem
Defining the objectives of the study.
Reviewing the literature from theory &
other related studies.
Defining concepts & variables to be
studied.
Stating hypothesis about expected
observations or phenomenon to
be
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studied.
STEPS OF SCIENTIFC METHODS

Determining the ethical implication of the

proposed study.
Describing the research design & methods
for data collection.
Defining study population & sample.
Planning the data analysis & discussion.
Collecting data from subjects.
Analyzing &interpreting data.
Communicating finding of the study.
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LIMITATIONS OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS
1. Moral or ethical problem
2. Human complexity
3. Measurement problems
4. External variable control problems

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 LIMITATIONS OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS
1. Moral or ethical problem

 Most nursing studies would require humans as the

subject of their research.

 The constraint of involving humans, which is

essential for observing human behavior for
experimentation, is one such ethical problem.

 Thus, reliable scientific data cannot always

be collected.
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LIMITATIONS OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS

2. Human complexity

 Human behavior is complicated, subtle & varied

 It is very difficult to categorize human behavior

 When human behavior is studied & analyzed by

other human beings, the personal biases come
into the picture & distort the analytical facts.

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LIMITATIONS OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS
3. Measurement problems:
 Different aspects of human behavior are
psychological in nature, which cannot
be accurately measured.
 Human behavior is not uniform, certain, or
predictable.
 All the people do not behave in the same way in
similar circumstances.
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 LIMITATIONS OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS

4. External variable control problems

 Scientific studies conducted on humans
may have a limitation of weak or no
control over external variables in scientific
activity.

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DEFINITION OF RESEARCH:

Research is a scientific,systematic,controlled,orderly, and objective

investigation to develop,refine,and expand body of knowledge.

DEFINITION OF NURSING RESEARCH:

Nursing research is a scientific, systematic and orderly process to

find out solution for problems concerned to nursing or generating and
refining the nursing knowledge to improve quality of nursing care,
nursing education, and nursing administration.

_by( S.K.SHARMA,2005).
  PUPOSES &NEED OF NURSING RESEARCH:
 The specific purpose of nursing research includes
identification, description, exploration, explanation,
prediction, and control of facts. Therefore, nursing
research enables nurses in the following ways:
 Develop, refine, and extend the scientific base of
knowledge, which is required for quality nursing care,
education, and administration.
 Enhance the body of professional knowledge in nursing.
 Provide foundation for ENB practices.
 Help in expansion of knowledge, which is essential for
continued growth of nursing profession.
 Enhance their professional identity as research is an essential
component of any profession.
 Define the parameters of nursing, which will help nurses to identify
boundaries of nursing profession.
 Refine and eliminate old knowledge so that it helps in elimination of
nursing actions that have no effect on the achievement of desired
client outcomes.
 Identify nursing care practices that make a difference in health care
status of individuals and are cost-effective.
 Enhance accuracy of different nursing educational and administrative
techniques.
 Develop and refine nursing theories and principles.
 Solve the problems or answer the questions related to nursing
practices, nursing education, and nursing administration.
  CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH:
 Orderly and systematic process.
 Based on current professional issues.
 Begin with clearly defined purposes.
 Emphasize to develop ,refine ,and expand
professional knowledge.
 Directed towards development or testing theories.
 Finding solution of a problem.
 Dedicated to develop empirical evidence.
 Strive to collect first hand information /data.
 An objective and logical process.
 CON…….
 Generate findings to refine and improve professional practices.
 Use of appropriate methodology.
 Conducted on representative sample.
 Conducted through appropriate use of methods and tools of data
collection.
 Use of valid and reliable data collection tools.
 Carefully recorded and reported.
 Adequately and appropriately analyzed research.
 Patiently carried out activity.
 Researcher`s expertise, interest, motivation, and courage.
 Adequately communicated.
 Kinds and
Classification of
Research
There are many kinds of classification of
research which are classified according
to their distinctive features. Some of the
classifications are as follows:
1. According to Purpose
2. According to Goal
3. According to the Levels of Investigation
4. According to the type of Analysis
5. According to Scope
6. According to the Choice of Answers to Problems
7. According to Statistical Content
8. According to Time Element
1. According to Purpose
a. Predictive or Prognostic – it has
the purpose to determine the
future operation of the variables
under investigation with the
aim of controlling or redirecting
such for the better.
b. Directive – it determines what
should be done based on the
findings.
c. Illuminative – it is concerned with
the interaction of the
components of the variable being
investigated.
2. According to Goal
a. Basic or Pure – it is done for
the development of theories
and principles. It is conducted
for intellectual pleasure of
learning.
b. Applied – the application of
pure research. This is testing
the efficiency of theories and
principles.
 3. According to the Level of
Investigation

a. Exploratory – the researcher studies

the variables pertinent to a specific
situation.
b. Descriptive– the researcher
studies the relationships of the
variables.
c. Experimental – the researcher
studies the effects of the variables
on each other.
4. According to the Types of
Analysis
a. Analytic Approach – the
researcher attempts to identify
and isolate the components of
the research situation.
b. Holistic Approach – this begins
with the total situation, focusing
attention on the system first
and on its internal
relationships.
5. According to Scope
Action Research
 This involves the application of
the steps of the scientific method
in the classroom problems.
 Thistype of research is done on a
very limited scope to solve a
particular problem which is not
so big.
6. According to Choice of
Answers to Problems
a. Evaluation research – All
possible courses of action are
specified and identified and the
researcher.
b. Developmental research – the
focus is on finding or developing
a more suitable instrument or
process than has been available.
7. According to Statistical
Content
a. Quantitative or
Statistical Research – is
one in which inferential
statistics are utilized to
determine the results of
the study.
b. Non-quantitative Research–
this is research in which the use
of the quantity or statistics is
practically not utilize.
8. According to Time Element

a. Historical
research – describes
what was.
b. Descriptive research – describes
what is.
c. Experimentalresearch –
describes what will be.
ANY QUERY????????
Assignment: Write down the definition of
nursing research& types of research.

Refer to nursing research & statistics

textbook , Suresh Sharma, second edition,
pase no.4 to 20.
THANK YOU