Fundamentals of Investigation

and
Intelligence
(CDI 1)

ELENA P. Tuguinay
FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

INVESTIGATION
Is a fact-finding inquiry conducted by law
enforcement officers where they gather evidence,
interview witness, assess the evidence to find out if a
complaint should be filed for purposes of preliminary
investigation.

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION – is an art which deals with

the identity and location of the offender and provides
evidence of guilt through criminal proceedings.
 
INVESTIGATION DEFINED: The collection of facts to
accomplish a three-fold aim:
• to identify the guilty party;
• to locate the guilty party; and
• to provide evidence of his guilt.

 SCIENTIFIC AIDS TO CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

• Fingerprinting (Dactyloscopy)
• Photography
• Forensic Chemistry
• Medico-legal
• Forensic Ballistics
• Questioned Documents Examination
• Polygraphy
• DNA Analysis
PRIMARY JOB OF AN INVESTIGATOR
The primary job of the investigator is to discover whether or not
an offense has been committed under the law, after determining what
specific offense has been committed, he must discover how it was
committed, by whom, where it was committed, when and why it was
committed (Cardinal points of Investigation 5W’s and 1H).
SIX CARDINAL POINTS OF INVESTIGATION
WHAT specific offense has been committed? Nature of crime
WHERE crime was committed? Place or location
WHEN it was committed? Time and date
WHOM it was committed? Persons/s involved
WHY it was committed? Reason or motive of
Committing the crime
HOW it was committed? Manner, method or modus
operandi
 TRAINING
Training, as one of the foundations of investigation, is
concededly a vital ingredient in the creation of a total investigator.
Experience alone does not make one good investigator. Many who
had been hostage to this notion often ended in jeopardy. The
ideal conjugal partnership is training and experience. The fusion
of the best training and vast experience is a formidable force that
can threat even the most sophisticated technology and syndicated
crimes. The necessity of training as a purveyor of change builds
the investigator’s confidence. It widens his vision for professional
growth and strengthens his will to survive and prevail over crises.
The National Forensic Science Training Institute (NFSTI) under
the Philippine Public Safety College is the institution that trains
uniformed personnel of the Philippine National Police to become
a certified investigator.
THREE TOOLS OF INVESTIGATION
   1. Information – refers to any data or knowledge which the investigator
gathered and acquired from other persons including the victim himself and
from other sources, such as;
Classes of Information
1. Regular Sources (Open Sources) such as public and private records,
news items, TV and radio broadcast, stored computer data, text
messages and intercepted handheld radio communications.
2. Cultivated Sources (Covert Sources) such as information supplied by
the informants and informers.
3. Grapevines Sources (Underground Sources) such as information
obtained from the underworld characters like detention prisoner and
ex-convicts.
4. Modus Operandi File (Signature Crimes) such as modes and methods
on how a crime was perpetrated and includes some distinguishing or
identifying acts done by the perpetrator during the commission of the
crime.
  2. Interview and Interrogation

Interview – is a simple questioning of a person

who cooperates willingly to the investigator.
Usually these are informants and eyewitnesses.
 
Interrogation –is the vigorous and skillful
questioning of a hostile witnesses and suspects
who are reluctant to divulge information. This is
also known as Custodial Investigation.
3. Instrumentation – scientific examination of real evidence and
application of instruments and methods of physical sciences in the
detection of crimes such as ballistics, fingerprint, chemistry,
polygraphy and others. It is otherwise known as Criminalistics.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
It is mandated under the Constitution that before proceeding with
the conduct of an in-custody investigation, the Investigator should
regularly observed the following Constitutional Provisions, to wit;
 
Section 12, Art. III (Bill of Rights) of the 1987 Constitution
 
1. Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense
shall have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to
have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice.
If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be
provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing
and in the presence of counsel.
4. No torture, force, violence, threat,
intimidation, or any other means which
vitiates the free will shall be used against him.
Secret detention places, solitary,
incomunicado, or other similar forms of
detention are prohibited.
3. Any confession or admission obtained in
violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be
inadmissible in evidence against him.
4.The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for
violations of this section, as well as compensation to and
rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and
their families.
The rights of the accused under Section 12, Art. III exist
only in “custodial investigation” or “in-custody interrogation”
of an accused persons.
The foregoing rights of the accused are commonly known
as “Miranda Doctrine” or “Miranda Rights” or “Miranda
Warning”. It is based on the U.S. Supreme Court Rulings
entitled MIRANDA VS STATE OF ARIZONA (36 0.0 (2d) 86 S.
Ct.)
Section 17, Art. III of the 1987 Constitution (Self-
Incrimination)
No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
MODES OF FILING OF CRIMINAL CASE AND INVESTIGATION TO BE
CONDUCTED BY THE INQUEST PROSECUTOR
 
1. Inquest Filing
Is a mode of filing of criminal complaint before the
Prosecution Office against the arrested suspect who is under
custody. The investigator will personally refer the case by
presenting the complainant, witnesses, arresting officers and
the arrested suspect together with the recovered pieces of
evidence before the duty Inquest Prosecutor.
  Inquisitorial Investigation – is a mode of investigation
conducted by the Inquest Prosecutor during the inquest
proceedings to determine the legality of the arrest and also to
establish probable cause in order to indict the suspect to the
offense as charged.
2. Regular or Direct Filing
Is a mode of filing of criminal cases directly before the Prosecution Office if
the suspect is not arrested or at-large. In this mode of filing, the investigator
will personally bring the complainant and witness together with the pieces
of evidence to the designated Prosecutor for purposes of administering
oaths. Thereafter, the case will be set for Preliminary Investigation for
purposes of determining probable cause as provided under Rule 112 of the
Rules of Court.
 
Preliminary Investigation is defined as an inquiry or proceeding for
the purpose of determining whether there is sufficient ground to engender
a well founded belief that a crime cognizable by the Regional Trial Court has
been committed and that the respondent is probably guilty thereof, and
should be held for trial.
PREPARATION OF DOCUMENTS
It is the sole duty and responsibility of the Investigator On Case to
prepare all the necessary investigative documents for purposes of
inquest filing of the appropriate criminal charges against the arrested
suspect within the reglementary period of arrest before the
Prosecution Office.

PHASES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

The primary objective of a Criminal Investigator is to
gather all available facts and circumstances in order to attain
the following, to wit;
1. Identify the suspects through:
a)Confession
b)Eyewitness Testimony.
c) Circumstantial Evidence.
d)Associative Evidence

2. Locate, trace and apprehend the suspects.

3. Gather evidence to establish the guilt of the
accused.
METHODS OF IDENTIFYING CRIMINALS
 
1. By Confession and Admission
 
Confession – is a direct acknowledgment by the accused in a
criminal case of the truth of his quilt as to the crime charged
or of some facts of the commission of the criminal act itself.
 
Admission - is the statement of facts by the accused in a
criminal case which do not directly involved the
acknowledgment of guilt in the commission of crimes for
which he is charged.
 
INTERVIEWS AND INTERROGATIONS OF CRIMINALS
 
METHODS OF INTERVIEWS
Interview – is the questioning of a person who is believed to
posses knowledge, that is of official interest to the
investigator. It is important because in most cases, interview is
the only source of information and a greater part of the
investigation is devoted to it.
 QUALITIES OF THE INTERVIEWER
1. The investigator must establish good rapport or relationship
with the subject in order to win the confidence of the latter. In
the event that rapport or good relationship between the
investigator and the subject does not achieve the purpose of
interview, then interrogation may follow, the investigator
relying on the strength of his personality, trickery, persistence
or resourcefulness.
2. The interviewer must possess forceful personality.
He must be sympathetic and understanding without
any air of superiority.
3. There must be common interest develop between
the interviewer and the subject to insure that both
will continuously communicate with each other. On
such cases, the investigator must have a broad
practical knowledge of the different subject matter
from sports to anything else.
4. The investigator as an interviewer must have their
qualities of a good salesman, actor and psychologist.
He must possess insight, intelligence and
persuasiveness.
 
STAGES OF INTERVIEW IN CRIMINAL CASES
 
1. Preparation
As to time, the interview must be made as soon as possible after
the criminal case was committed. The needed information is still fresh
in the mind of the witness.
As to place, the interview must be conducted in a place where the
interviewer has a psychological advantage over the subject. However,
the place maybe change depending upon the nature of the case and
taking into account the difficulty that maybe encountered in selecting a
particular place. In all cases, the interview must be given complete
privacy wherever it is conducted.
Before the actual interview, the investigator must mentally review
the case and consider what information the subject can contribute. He
must acquaint himself with the background of the witness, plan his
interview and when necessary, provide himself with a checklist of the
important points of the future interview.
 2. Approach
On the first meeting between the investigator and
the witness, the investigator should show his
credentials and inform the subject of his identity.
This is done to avoid misunderstanding and future
charge of misrepresentation.
3. Warming-Up
Preliminary subject-matter if the conversation
must be focused to warm-up the atmosphere, to
promote cordiality and trust with each other. The
witness should be given every opportunity to give a
complete account without interruption.
5. Questioning and Guidelines
The interviewer or investigator should start
questioning on points he wants to elicit. Elements of
the offense and his knowledge of the crime should
guide the investigator in his questioning. On the
other hand, the subject must be do guided in his
conversation with the investigator so as not to
deviate from the subject matter of the interview.
Other matters elicited from other subject already
interviewed must be correlated with the questions to
be asked of the present subject. Inaccuracies must be
distinguished from honest mistake and in such cases,
repeated questioning on the same matter should be
made.
RULES TO BE OBSERVED IN QUESTIONING THE
SUBJECT
1. Only one question must be asked at a time.
Multiple questions are confusing.
2. Avoid questioning with implied answer.
Suggesting the answer defeat the purpose
of the interview.
3. The question must be simple. Long,
complicated and legalistic questions and
confusing and irritating. Subject may refuse
to answer and cause embarrassment and
resentment.
4. The subject should not be placed in an embarrassing
situation by avoiding exaggerating errors in matters of
time, distance and description committed by the
subject. The investigator should not ridicule the
subject's stupidity, poor judgment and other
deficiencies.
5. Do not insist on a “yes” or “no” answer because it
will result to inaccurate answer and prevent a flow of
information. Qualified answer should be encouraged.
6. The investigator must dominate the interview by
being confident and possessing the capacity to
communicate with the witness.
 
TYPES AND ATTITUDE OF SUBJECTS INTERVIEWED
A good investigator must be able to adjust his method of
interview to the type of personality and attitude of his subject.
The following are different types and attitude of subjects he may
encounter:
Know-Nothing Type – these are persons who are reluctant to
become witnesses and particularly true among uneducated
persons. The remedy is to give extensive warm-up followed by
persistent questioning and presenting the subject with a great
many questions to which he cannot reply that he knows nothing.
Thereafter, questions leading to relevant matters maybe asked.
Disinterested Type – these are indifferent and uncooperative
persons who must be aroused first. He should be flattered to
develop a pride in his ability to supply information. His interest
must be stimulated by stressing the importance’s of the
information possess.
Drunken Type – flattering words will encourage the
drunken person to answer the questions and develop
interest. It is not advisable to take written statements from
a person when drunk.
Suspicious Type – fear must be removed and the
investigator should apply psychological pressure. Let him
think that his indifference and non-cooperation will work
against him.
Talkative Type – the investigator must find ways and means
to shift his talkativeness to those matters useful in the
investigation.
Honest Witness – These types of persons are cooperative
and ideal witness who needs little care and guidance during
the investigation. They are helpful to the investigator.
Timid Type – the investigator should employ friendly approach
in these type of persons. More time should be spent for him
explaining that the information obtained will be treated as
confidential matter.
Boasting Type – these are egoistic persons. Patience and
flattery are necessary for they will be good witness because of
his drive towards self-expression. Unfortunately, he is prone to
put color to his story and unwarranted emphasis on his own
part.
Deceitful Witness – this type of witness must be permitted to
tell lies until he well enmeshed with falsehood and
inconsistencies. A recording of his lies extremely effective in the
playback. The investigator will claim perjury and false
statement or obstructing justice with the witness as the
defendant. He will feel that he is punishable under the law and
now he has an excellent motive for telling the truth for self-
preservation and avoidance of punishment.
ATTITUDE TO BE ADOPTED BY THE
INVESTIGATOR DURING INTERROGATION
Dominate the Interview – the strength of his
personality of the interrogator must dominate
and command the situation. He must never loss
self-control, ill-temper, hesitancy in the face of
violent reaction, or obvious fumbling for
questions as a result of a lack of resourcefulness.
Avoiding Distracting Mannerism – anything that
will distract the attention of the subject should
be avoided. Pacing in the room, smoking,
telephone ringing and other should be avoided.
Language To Be Used – the language of the
interrogator must be in consonance with the level of
the subject’s mentality. The choice for words should
be made with the view to encourage as free flow of
speech in the subject.
Wearing of Dress – civilian dress is more likely inspire
confidence and friendship with a criminal than a
uniform. The sight of protruding gun may arouse
enmity or defensive attitude on the part of the
criminal.
Preliminary Conduct – identify yourself and show
your credentials. Inform the suspect about his right
against self-incrimination and the right to be
represented by a lawyer under the Constitution
Presence of Other Persons – limit the number
of persons present during the interrogation.
Ordinarily, the interrogator should be alone
with the subject and that other parties maybe
called in for specific purpose, such as signing
the confession as a witness.
The Choice of Place – it must be done in an
office or room where the interrogator shall
have psychological advantage. Avoid
conducting the interrogation in the subject’s
home, it will make him confident, indignant or
recalcitrant.
CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION
Is the conduct of processes, more particularly the
recognition, search, collection, handling, preservation and
documentation of physical evidence to include the
identification and interview of witnesses and the arrest of
suspect/s at the crime scene.
Proper handling of physical evidence is necessary to
obtain the maximum possible information upon which
scientific examination shall be based, and to prevent exclusion
as evidence in court. Specimens which truly represents the
material found at the scene, unaltered, unspoiled or
otherwise unchanged in handling will provide more and
better information upon examination. Legal requirements
make it necessary to account for all physical pieces of
evidence from time it is collected until it is presented in court.
PROCEDURE AT THE CRIME SCENE
 
1.UPON RECEIPT OF A REPORT/COMPLAINT OF A CRIME INCIDENT,
THE DESK OFFICER SHALL:
a) Record the time the report/complaint was made, the identity
of the person who made the report, place of the incident and a
synopsis of the incident.
b) Inform his superior officer or the duty officer regarding the
report.
2. FIRST RESPONDER
Handling Emergency
Upon arrival at the crime scene, the First Responder shall
assessed whether the victim is still alive in case of violent incident
and same be brought to the nearest hospital and shall endeavor to
arrest the suspect/s if he is still at the crime scene. If the suspect/s
was arrested he shall be secured and separated from the other
witnesses.
The First Responder shall endeavor to protect and secure the
scene as follows:
a. Cordon off the crime scene with whatever available
materials like ropes, straws, human barricade, police line
if available, etc.;
b. Evacuate injured persons to the nearest hospital;
c. Prepare to take the “dying declaration” of severely
injured person, if any;
d. Prevent entry/exit of persons within the cordoned area;
and
e. Prepare to brief the investigators of the situation upon
their arrival.
AUTHORITY LINE – refers to a yellow tape with imprinted
“Police Line Do Not Cross” used in cordoning the crime scene.
It is also called Banner Tape or Barricade Tape
3. CONDUCT OF INITIAL INTERVIEW.
While at the crime scene, the First Responder shall
conduct initial interview among the persons who have
personal knowledge of the incident. The witness should be
segregated from the onlookers to prevent leak of information.
4. CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION PROPER.
 
A. RECEIPT OF BRIEFING AND DESIGNATION OF COMMAND
POST.
The team leader upon arrival at the crime scene receives
the briefing from the first responder and shall immediately
designate a command post which is ideally located adjacent
to the scene where the evidence custodian stays and receives
the pieces of evidence turned over to him for safekeeping by
the other evidence collectors.
B .INITIATION OF PRELIMINARY SURVEY.
The teal leader makes general
assessment of the scene, takes a cautious
walk-through of the crime scene, takes down
extensive notes to document important
factors and establishes the evidence most
likely to be encountered. He then defines the
extent of the search area, and determines
personnel and equipment needed, and makes
specific assignments. From his assessment, he
develops a general theory of the crime scene.
C. RECORDING
The investigator begins the process of recording pertinent
facts and details of the investigation the moment he arrives at
the crime scene. (He should record the time when he was
initially notified prior to his arrival). He also writes down the
identification of persons involved and what he initially
perceived. He also draws a basic sketch of the crime scene
and takes the initial photographs. This is to ensure that an
image of the crime scene is recorded before any occurrence
that disturbs the scene. As a rule, do not touch, alter or
remove anything at the crime scene until the evidence has
been processed through notes, sketches and photographs,
with proper measurement.
D. PREPARATION OF NARRATIVE REPORT.
The team leader uses the systematic approach in making a
narrative report. No item is too insignificant to report if it catches one’s
attention.
E. DOCUMENTATION OF THE CRIME SCENE.
The photographer begins taking photographs as
soon as possible. The evidence collectors do not
touch or move any evidence once it is located until it
has been identified, measured, recorded and
photographed. Sketched supplement the
photographs. The best tool in documenting the crime
scene is the use of video camera.
F. CRIME SCENE SKETCHES.
A rough sketch is prepared indicating the actual
measurement of things with scale and proportion
observed and oriented to the North Pole. All
necessary information are placed in the sketch
TYPES OF CRIME SCENE SKETCH
1. Rough Sketch – the rough sketch is drawn at the scene of
the crime. It should not be changed after leaving the
scene. The rough sketch is not usually drawn to scale but
it will indicate accurate distance, dimensions, and
relative proportions. More than one sketch may be made
of a particular scene.

2. Finished Sketch – except in unusual instances, the

finished sketch is drawn to scale from the information on
the rough sketch. When drawn to scale, the sketch need
not include figures to show distances. If it is not drawn to
scale, this fact can be indicated on the sketch and
distance should be shown as one rough sketch. The
investigator need not prepare the finished sketch but he
must verify its accuracy. The name of the person who
prepared the sketch should be indicated on the sketch. 
G. DETAILED SEARCH.
The search for physical evidence is done using the
accepted methods of search depending upon the actual
location to be searched.
 
Searching for Evidence
1. Each crime scene is different, according to the physical
nature of the scene and the crime or offense involved.
Consequently, the scene is processed in accordance with the
prevailing physical characteristics of the scene and with the
need to develop essential evidentiary facts peculiar to the
offense. A general survey of the scene is always made,
however, to note the location of obvious traces of action, the
probable entry and exit points used by the offender’s and the
size and shape of the area involved.
2.In rooms, buildings and small outdoor areas, a
systematic search of evidence is initiated. (In the
interest of uniformity, it is recommended that the
clockwise movement be used). the investigator
examines each item encountered on the floor, walls
and ceiling to locate anything that may be of
evidentiary value. He should:
a. Give particular attention to fragile evidence
that may be destroyed or contaminated if it is
not collected when discovered.
b. If any doubt exists as to the value of an item,
treat it as evidence until proven otherwise.
c. Ensure that the item or the area where latent
fingerprints may be present is closely examined
and that action is taken to develop the prints.
d. Carefully protect any impression of evidentiary
value in surfaces conducive to making casts or
molds. If possible, photograph the impression and
make a cast or mold.
e. Note stains, spots and pools of liquid within the
scene and treat them as evidence.
f. Treat as evidence all other items, such as hairs,
fibers, and earth particles, foreign to the area in
which they are found-for example, matter found
under the victim’s fingerprints.
g. Proceed systematically and uninterruptedly to
the conclusion of the processing of the scene. The
search for evidence is initially completed when,
after a thorough examination of the scene, the
rough sketch, necessary photograph and
investigative notes have been completed and the
investigator has returned to the point from which
the search began. Further search may be
necessary after the evidence and the statements
obtained have been evaluated.
h. In large outdoor areas, it is advisable to divide
the area into strips about four (4) feet wide. The
policeman may first search the strip on his feet as
go faces the scene and then the adjoining strips.
3. It may be advisable to make a search beyond the area considered to
be the immediate scene of the incident or crime. For example, evidence
may indicate that a weapon or tool used in the crime was discarded or
hidden by the offender somewhere within the square-mile area near the
scene.
4. After completing the search of the scene, the investigator examines
the object or person actually attacked by the offender. For example, a
ripped safe, a desk drawer that has been pried open or a room from
which items have been stolen, would be processed after the remainder
of the scene has been examined for traces of the offender. In a homicide
case, the position of the victim should be outlined with a chalk or any
other suitable material before the body is removed from the scene. If
the victim has been pronounced dead by a doctor or is obviously dead, it
is usually advisable to examine the body, the clothing and the area
under the body after the remainder of the scene has been searched.
This is to enable the policeman/investigator to evaluate all objects of
special interest in the light of all other evidence found at the scene.
DETAILED SEARCH.
The search for physical evidence is done using the
accepted methods of search depending upon the actual
location to be searched.
 
Searching for Evidence
1. Each crime scene is different, according to the physical
nature of the scene and the crime or offense involved.
Consequently, the scene is processed in accordance with the
prevailing physical characteristics of the scene and with the
need to develop essential evidentiary facts peculiar to the
offense. A general survey of the scene is always made,
however, to note the location of obvious traces of action, the
probable entry and exit points used by the offender’s and the
size and shape of the area involved.
2. In rooms, buildings and small outdoor areas, a
systematic search of evidence is initiated. (In the
interest of uniformity, it is recommended that the
clockwise movement be used). the investigator
examines each item encountered on the floor, walls
and ceiling to locate anything that may be of
evidentiary value. He should:
a. Give particular attention to fragile evidence
that may be destroyed or contaminated if it is
not collected when discovered.
b. If any doubt exists as to the value of an item,
treat it as evidence until proven otherwise.
c. Ensure that the item or the area where latent
fingerprints may be present is closely examined
and that action is taken to develop the prints.
C. Carefully protect any impression of
evidentiary value in surfaces conducive to
making casts or molds. If possible,
photograph the impression and make a cast
or mold.
D. Note stains, spots and pools of liquid
within the scene and treat them as
evidence.
E. Treat as evidence all other items, such as
hairs, fibers, and earth particles, foreign to
the area in which they are found-for
example, matter found under the victim’s
fingerprints.
F. Treat as evidence all other items, such as hairs, fibers, and
earth particles, foreign to the area in which they are found-
for example, matter found under the victim’s fingerprints.
G. Proceed systematically and uninterruptedly to the
conclusion of the processing of the scene. The search for
evidence is initially completed when, after a thorough
examination of the scene, the rough sketch, necessary
photograph and investigative notes have been completed
and the investigator has returned to the point from which
the search began. Further search may be necessary after
the evidence and the statements obtained have been
evaluated.
H. In large outdoor areas, it is advisable to divide the area
into strips about four (4) feet wide. The policeman may first
search the strip on his feet as go faces the scene and then
the adjoining strips.
3. It may be advisable to make a search beyond the area
considered to be the immediate scene of the incident or crime. For
example, evidence may indicate that a weapon or tool used in the
crime was discarded or hidden by the offender somewhere within
the square-mile area near the scene.
4. After completing the search of the scene, the investigator
examines the object or person actually attacked by the offender.
For example, a ripped safe, a desk drawer that has been pried
open or a room from which items have been stolen, would be
processed after the remainder of the scene has been examined for
traces of the offender. In a homicide case, the position of the
victim should be outlined with a chalk or any other suitable
material before the body is removed from the scene. If the victim
has been pronounced dead by a doctor or is obviously dead, it is
usually advisable to examine the body, the clothing and the area
under the body after the remainder of the scene has been
searched. This is to enable the policeman/investigator to evaluate
all objects of special interest in the light of all other evidence
found at the scene.
METHODS OF CRIME
SCENE SEARCH
 Strip or Line Search Method
In this method, the area is blocked out in the form of a rectangle.
The three (3) searchers, A, B and C proceed slowly at the same pace
along paths parallel to one side of the rectangle. When a piece of
evidence is found, the finder announces his discovery and the search
must stop until the evidence has been cared for. A photographer is
called, if necessary. The evidence is collected and tagged and the
search proceeds at a given signal. At the end of the rectangle, the
searchers turn and proceed along new lanes.
The Grid or Double Strip Search Method
Is a modification of the Strip Method.
Here, the rectangle is traversed first parallel to
the base then parallel to a side.
Spiral Search Method
In this method, the three searchers follow each other along the
path of a spiral, beginning on the outside and spiraling in toward the
center.
Quadrant or Zone Search Method
In this method, one searcher is assigned to each subdivision of a
quadrant, then each quadrant is cut into another set of quadrant.
Wheel Search Method
In this method of search, the area is considered to be approximately
circular. The searchers gather at the center and proceed outward along
radius of spokes. The procedure should be repeated several times
depending on the size of the circle and the number of searchers. One
shortcoming on this method is the great increase in the area to be
observed as the searcher departs from the center.
COLLECTION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE.
 
The team leader is always informed of significant
evidence located. The evidence collector shall put his
initial, location and date of collection on the item and
turn it over to the evidence custodian for
documentation and safekeeping.
In cases where the evidence encountered needs
special processing due to significant or sensational
cases, the Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO)
specialist of the Crime Laboratory shall be requested.
Collecting of Evidence
This is accomplished after the search is completed, the
rough sketch finished and photographs taken. Fragile
evidence should be collected as they found. All firearms found
to have tampered serial numbers shall be automatically
subjected to macro etching at the PNP Crime Laboratory. A
corresponding report to the Firearm Explosive Unit must be
made for verification purposes. In the collection, the
investigator should touch the evidence only when necessary.
 
Removal of Evidence
1. The investigator places his initials, the date and time of
discovery on each item of evidence and the time discovery on
each item of evidence for proper identification.
2. Items that could not be marked should be placed in a
suitable container and sealed.
Tagging of Evidence
Any physical evidence obtained must be tagged
before its submission to the evidence custodian.
 Evaluation of Evidence
Each item of evidence must be evaluated in
relation to all the evidences, individually and
collectively.
Preservation of Evidence
It is the investigator’s responsibility to ensure that
every precaution is exercised to preserve physical
evidence in the state in which it was
recovered/obtained until it is released to the
evidence custodian.
COLLECTION, HANDLING AND PRESERVATION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
Physical Evidence – refers to articles and materials which
are found in connection with an investigation and which
aid in establishing the identity of the perpetrator or the
circumstances under which the crime was committed or
which, in general, assist in the prosecution of the criminal.

KINDS OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

1. Corpus Delicti – objects or substances which are an
essential part of the body of the crime.
2. Associative Evidence – these are evidence which link the
suspect to the crime scene or offense. Fingerprints and
shoe impressions are good example.
3. Tracing Evidence – articles which assist the investigator
in locating the suspect
RULES TO BE OBSERVED BEFORE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE CAN BE INTRODUCED IN THE
TRIAL OF CRIMINAL CASES
1. The articles gathered as evidence must be properly identified.
2. Continuity or chain of custody of the evidence must be proved.
3. Competency must be proved and it must be shown that the
evidence is material and relevant to the case.
CHAIN OF CUSTODY
It refers to the number of persons who handles the physical
evidence from the time of the commission of the alleged
offense up to the ultimate disposition of the case which number
should be kept to the minimum. For every transfer of the
evidence from one person to another, a receipt should be
issued. The recipient of the physical evidence shall be made
accountable and responsible for its case during the time it is in
his possession, protect it and must record the person from
whom he received it and also to whom it was delivered.
The Need for Protecting Physical Evidence
Evidence must be presented in court in the same substantial
condition as it is at the time of the offense was committed. It must be
protected from any accidental, intentional and even from natural
alteration. It is because some evidence are so fragile in nature that a
slight act of carelessness in handling can destroy their value as clues
and remove the possibility of obtaining from them any information
which would further the investigation. Moreover, it will retain its
probative value pertaining to its relevancy, materiality and
competency. In view thereof, effort must be done to minimize
alteration of the evidence. This alteration maybe due to the following:
1.Natural Cause – Exposure to the elements may result to the
deterioration of the evidentiary value of an object. Rain, high
temperature may affect certain types of evidence. Blood samples may
lose its blood grouping property by refrigeration.
2. Negligence and Accident – precaution
against breakage, destruction of fragile
materials, accidental markings on documents
and others must be observed.
3. Intentional Damage or Theft – measures
should be made to maintain, security of the
evidence against thievery and malicious
destruction.
RECEIVING AND TRANSPORTING EVIDENCE
Crime scene evidence may be received from an informant,
suspect or from other investigators. This evidence has been
exposed to elements before its discovery. To avoid further damage,
it must be protected from extraneous contact possible.
In the case of evidence not found at the crime scene which is
turned over to the investigator by the suspect, complainant,
witnesses or other persons where the crime has no definite scene
of occurrence, the investigator must be ingenious enough to
properly handle and receive the same. He must provide with ample
container and protection with proper identifying mark. In addition,
he should make special note of the circumstances how it was
received by him
In transporting the evidence from the crime scene to
headquarter, proper packing must be made to protect the evidence
while in transit. Fingerprints on bottles must be protected from
blurring by contact with other substances during transport.
STORAGE OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
Every investigative agency must be provided with
a storage room constructed and equipped to give
physical protection against alteration or destruction
from natural causes of unauthorized contact. The
storage room must be under control and supervision
of an Evidence Custodian. Every evidence turned
over to him for custody must have the following
records attached thereon.
1. Date the evidence was received.
2. File number of the case.
3. Title of the case.
4. Person or place from whom or at which
received.
5. Person who received the evidence.
6. Complete description of evidential items
including the size, color,
serial number and other identifying data.
7. Disposition/remarks
8. Identity by signature of the officer in control
of evidence room.
 
COLLECTION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
In criminal investigation, the deficiencies maybe attributed to
the lack of understanding of the principles that should guide the
collection from the point of view of the analyst. Employment of
improper collection technique results also in a failure to realize
the full probative value of the evidence. Nevertheless, it is
suggested that the investigator must collect physical evidence
with adequate sampling considering the quantity available at the
crime scene and the amount needed for laboratory test. He must
also endeavor to collect standards or known samples for
purposes of comparison with those other physical evidence
collected. Finally, the physical evidence collected must posses
the integrity as an evidence and that it must not come in contact
with other substances to avoid contamination.
 SPECIAL METHODS OF COLLECTION OF SPECIFIC
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
 
1. In Pieces of Paper – the paper should be handled
with tongs and placed where the size permits or
into cellophane envelopes. It should not be folded
unless it is very large and then only along existing
fold lines.
2. In Glasses of Bottles – these can be placed over a
peg imbedded in a board. Small crates can be
built for its additional protection.
3. Firearms, Knives and Tools – these types of
articles can be secured by means of strings
passing through perforation.
4. Hairs and Fibers – the hair or fiber should be
picked up with forceps, wrapped loosely in a filter
paper and placed in a pill box or an envelop.
5. Dirt, Soil, Particles, Filings and Fragments – the
material should be placed in separate small boxes
and then placed in pill boxes.
6. Bullets and Fired Cases – these should be placed
in separate small boxes and surrounded by cotton.
7. Clothing – stained areas should be widely
encircled with chalk to indicate the points of interest.
Unnecessary folding of the garment should be
avoided.
8. Semen Stains – if moist, it can be collected in a test tube.
The area must be first moistening with distilled water if it is a
dry stain. The garment together with the test tube must be
submitted with the area where it is removed encircled with
chalk.
9. Blood – if in fluid condition, it would be removed with the
eye dropper and placed in a test tube. Saline solution should
be added in an amount about 1/5 that of the blood. If found
in the clothing, the area is cut, dried, then placed between
sheets of white paper and transmitted in an appropriate
container. The whole garment maybe shipped with indication
of the area where the stain is located.
10. Paint on Vehicles – the paint maybe removed with a piece
of wood or with hard steel scalpel. Comparison standard must
also be taken. A filter paper and pill box should be used to
contain the sample
 IDENTIFICATION OF COLLECTED PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
BY MARKING
Solid objects which have volume of approximately
one cubic inch or greater should be marked for
identification with the initials of the investigator
receiving or finding the evidence.
The marking should not be placed where the
evidentiary trade exists. A sharp-pointed instrument
like a stylus maybe used for marking an objects,
while pen and ink for absorbent articles. Object
smaller than one cubic inch need not be marked.
They are placed in container. Liquid and pastes
should be retained in their original container,
appropriately sealed and labeled.
BY SEALING
Pillboxes, envelopes, test tubes and bottles containing
evidentiary materials should be sealed in such a manner that
they cannot be opened without breaking the seal. The
investigator’s initial and the date of sealing should be placed
on the seal in ink.
BY LABELING
This may take the form of paper pasted on the container
or a tag tied to the object. The following information should
appear in the label or tag:
a. Case Number, Date and Time of finding the article.
b. Name and Description of the article.
c. Location and the time of discovery.
d. Signature of investigator who made the discovery.
e. Name of witnesses to the discovery.
 LABELING OF SPECIFIC EVIDENCE

1. Documents – the best way of marking is to initial

and place the date of initiating the document itself in
an area where the marking will not affect the
examination. The documents is placed in a
cellophane envelope, sealed and identity of the
document is placed outside of the cellophane jacket.
A piece of paper bearing the typed information can
be stapled to the edge of the envelope.
2. Firearms

a. Firearm – should be unloaded before submission. The marking

should be made with a metal stylus on the right of the frame.
b. Loaded Weapon – if the weapon contains loaded cartridge or fired
cases, the investigator should make a diagram of the rear face of
the cylinder to show the position of each cartridge with respect to
the firing pin.
c. Bullet – avoid scarring the area with rifling imprint. The bullet may
be marked at the nose or at the base jacketed bullet must be
marked on the smooth surface.
d. Cartridge Case – a fired cartridge case should be marked at the
inside portion of the mouth, but if the caliber is too small, on the
cylindrical outer surface at a point near the mouth.
e. Shotgun Wads – place in a pillbox, sealed and labeled.
f. Small Shots – place in a pillbox also.
3. Clothing’s – they are best marked by an inscription in ink at the
lining.
4. Plaster Case – marked before plaster dried up.
 
CONDUCT OF FINAL SURVEY.
The team leader makes a final review of the crime to determine
whether or not the processing has been completed.
 
RELEASE OF THE CRIME SCENE.
The release of the crime scene shall be done if the investigator is
satisfied that all pieces of evidence have been recovered. Thus, the
investigator must evaluate the items recovered. Thus, the investigator
must evaluate the items recovered from the results of interrogation of
the suspect/s and the interview of the witnesses. He must bear in
mind that upon the formal release of the crime scene to the proper
authority, a warrant is already required for his re-entry to the crime
scene.
INTRODUCTION

• The history of Police and Military intelligence provides some

interesting insights that spell out the difference between
SUCCESS AND FAILURE.
• The artful employers of intelligence agents have been
legion. We could never possibly count them all, and probably
the greatest of them are unknown to history.
• Historians, in their “great man” treatment of history have
somewhat neglected the Commanders of secret, invisible
army of intelligence agents which have had a profound effect
on the course of events.
WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?

product of a process which starts from collection

of info, its evaluation, analysis, integration and
interpretation to arrive at a theory or conclusion.
helps a commander with an actual situation.
INTELLIGENCE DEFINED

•"the product resulting from the

collecting and processing of information
concerning actual and potential
situations and conditions relating to
domestic and foreign activities”
•(International Dictionary of
Intelligence. )
INTELLIGENCE DEFINED (Psychology)

•Intelligence is the capacity of a person

to adjust to new situations through the
use of what has been previously
learned.
HOW IS INTELLIGENCE VIEWED?
As a process
 an activity which treats information as basis for departmental policy
and decision-making.
Intelligence as an organization
an institution composed of persons who pursue a special kind of
knowledge for the purpose of planning the collection of information,
processing and dissemination of intelligence relating to military/police
operations.
 ESSENCE OF INTELLIGENCE
A Chinese philosopher, SUN TZU, once said,

“If you know your enemy and know yourself, you need not
fear the results of hundred battles.
If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory,
you will suffer a defeat.
 If you know neither yourself nor the enemy, you are fool
who will meet defeat in every battle.”
 IMPORTANCE OF INTELLIGENCE
1. Enable a nation to formulate its policies, strategic plans and conduct its
diplomacy.
2. Forestall the activities of its internal and external enemies.
3. Detect and apprehend the activities or modus operandi of criminals and
subversive elements.
4. Providing ample security for the people and the state.
5. Intelligence plays an important role in the life and survival of a country by
proving advance and exact knowledge or information of the intentions and
design of its enemies.
FUNCTIONS OF INTELLIGENCE

COLLECTION OF
INFORMATION

EVALUATION OF
PROTECTION OF
THE
INFORMATION
INFORMATION

DISSEMINATION OF
INTELLIGENCE
BROAD CATEGORIES OF INTELLIGENCE

MILITARY INTELLIGENCE

NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE

DEPARTMENTAL
INTELLIGENCE

POLICE INTELLIGENCE
 MILITARY INTELLIGENCE
the use of processed information in formulating military plans, programs and
policies, it encompasses three general categories:

1. Strategic Intelligence – data which deals with the

activities and probable courses of action of foreign
nations.
2. Combat Intelligence – knowledge about weakness and
strength of the enemies which is needed by a
commander in order to prepare for the conduct of
tactical operation.
3. Counter -Intelligence – intelligence data which is used
to deny information to the enemy and provide
security to the unit.
 NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE

Integrated intelligence developed by all government

departments
Use to formulate national policy and the promotion and
enhancement of national security.
DEPARTMENTAL INTELLIGENCE

requires by a department of the

government in order to execute its mission
and discharge its responsibilities.
POLICE INTELLIGENCE

concerns the activities of criminal

elements and its activities significant to
police planning and operation.
POLICE INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS
POLICE INTELLIGENCE

end product resulting from the collection, evaluation and

interpretation of all available information which concerns
one or more aspects of police operations and which is
potentially significant to police planning and operations.
Areas of Interest in Police Intelligence:

1. Crime prone communities

2. Matters in connection with security, communication security,
document security, VIP security and physical security.
3. Pending cases under investigation
4. Identified personalities connected with syndicate and organized
crimes.
5. Crime prevention and control.
6. Aspect of management for organizational efficiency.
FOUR PHASES OF THE
INTELLIGENCE CYCLE

1. Planning & Direction – involves determination of intelligence

requirements, priorities, selection of intelligence agency and means of
supervision.

2. Collection of Information – involves the systematic exploitation of

sources of information by collection agency and the delivery of
information to proper intelligence unit.

3. Processing – the phase where information becomes intelligence. It

involves recording, evaluation and interpretation of information.

4. Dissemination – the timely conveyance of information by any suitable

means to those who needs it.
1. Timeliness – reach the user on time to be useful.
2. Propriety – right user like national leaders or
commanders
3. Security – proper security measures for classified
matters.
Methods of Dissemination:
 Fragmentary orders from top to bottom of the command.
 Memorandum, circulars, special orders, etc.
 Operations order, oral or written.
 Conference – staff members.
 Other report and intelligence documents.
 Personal contact.
TRADE CRAFTS USED IN THE COLLECTION
SURVEILLANCE

ELICITATION

INTERVIEW/INTERROGATION

PERSONNEL SECURITY
INVESTIGATION
TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT-TAPPING
AND BUGGING

PHOTOGRAPHY

USE OF AN ARTIST

SURREPTITIOUS ENTRY

COMMUNICATION
 Information, Informants and its Sources
Information-All evaluated materials of every description including those
derived from observation, reports, imagery, and other sources from
which intelligence is produced.
 
Information and its Sources
Life of Police Intelligence

Information- unprocessed information or raw data

Intelligence Information- gathered or received which is of intelligence

interest
Source- where the information is obtained.
 
Modes of Obtaining/Gathering Information

1. Informants/Informers 
2. Surveillance
3. Casing 
4. Cover and Undercover
5. Interview/Elicitation 
 6. ODEX
7. Informants/Informers
Types of Agent used in collecting of
Information
1. Agent of influence- agent who uses authority to gain information.

2. Agent in place- agent who has been recruited within a highly sensitive
target.

3. Penetration agent- agent who have reached to the enemy, gather

information and able to get back without being caught.
 
4. Expendable agent- agent who leaks false information to the enemy
 
5. Double agent- an enemy agent, who has been taken into custody, turned
around and sends back where he came from as an agent of his captors.
 
Two General Classifications of Sources
of Information

1. Open sources- 99% of the information collected are coming from open
sources or obtained from overt operation.
 
- Enemy activities
-captured documents
-map
-weather forecast, studies, reports
-agencies

2. Close sources- 1 % of information are obtained from covert operation

close/ covert method.
 
Overt intelligence- is the gathering of information or documents procured openly
without regard whether the subject or target become knowledgeable of the
purpose.
 
Open sources: includes information taken from
1. Enemy activity- civilians-captured documents
2. map- weather, forecast, studies, report-agencies
 
Covert Intelligence- is the secret procurement of information, which is obtained
without the knowledge of the person or persons safeguarding vital intelligence
interest.
 
Close sources: information is usually taken through:
1. surveillance- casing-elicitation
2. Surreptitious entry- employment of technical means (bugging ad taping device)
3. Tactical interrogation- observation and description
4. Others
Other sources of Information: Overt and
Covert
1. Routine patrol
2. Surveillance
3. Criminal investigation
4. Use of information
5. Interrogation
6. Search and seizures
7. Cordon and search
8. Police public relation activities
9. Coordination with law enforcement
10. Inmates of various city jails, national penitentiary, military stockade
11. Statistics
 
Sources of Information
1. Persons
2. Places
3. Things
Informant – is any person who furnishes the police and information
relevant to a criminal case, about the activities of criminals or syndicates.
- is an individual who openly or secretly obtained or assists in obtaining
information for intelligence and Counter Intelligence purposes in exchange
for some recompense, monetary or otherwise.
 Informer- are those persons who provide information to the police on a
regular basis. They are either paid regularly or in a case to case basis, or
none at all. They are cultivated & established by the police on a more or
less permanent character & as long as they are loyal and useful to the
police organization.
Informer distinguished from informant – an informant is an individual
who gives information for a price or reward. An informer gives information
in consideration of the money or reward. While, an Informant gives
information either in consideration of the reward or not.
THE PROVERBAL BASIS:
The saying that says: “It needs a thief to catch another thief”. The
history of the French police proved that this saying is true. The elite
French Surete, task to investigate criminal cases, hired an ex-convict
as an informer. This ex-convict produced outstanding successes in the
solution of cases seemingly difficult to be solved. The ex-convict later
became the Chief of the French Surete & the man was Vidocq.
SELECTION OF INFORMERS
There is no hard and fixed rule in the selection of informers. This is
addressed to the sound discretion of the investigator. The informer
may be to a fixed period of assignment or into a case-to-case basis.
The informer must be indoctrinated that they are not immune from
arrest & prosecution if they commit crime. They should not bring
shame & dishonor to the police service. When they will commit
crimes, they should be punished like the rest.
• All sectors of society must be covered, & their composition must
include but not limited to taxi drivers, jeepney & bus drivers,
vendors, conductors, waiters, dancers, ex-convicts, shady or
underworld characters, hostesses, bankers, security guards,
businessmen, prostitutes, the elite in the society & others.
They should be planted as moles or stole pigeons practically in all
corners of social order.
CRITICAL AREAS IN DEPLOYMENT OF INFORMERS
• Within the ranks of criminals & criminal syndicates
• Associates & friends of criminals
• Places or hang-outs of criminals such as night clubs, bars, hotels,
billiard halls & other places
• Slums & residential places where criminals have their contacts
• Detention centers such as local jails & National penitentiaries, in
many instances crimes were solved by planting moles among
detention prisoners in the holding centers of investigative units thru
agreements with prison authorities.
• Places where criminals dispose their loots.
WOMEN INFORMERS:
This is the most effective among informers because they could easily
penetrate the ranks of criminals with less suspicion. Besides they
could mingle with the crowd easily & could obtain information more
than their male counterparts, especially if their beauty attracts
attention. They have easier access to women associates of male
criminals. However, care must be employed as they could easily
double-cross the police once they fall in love with criminals.
DUAL ROLE OF INFORMERS
• Identifying & tracing the whereabouts of the suspects
• Gathering of information that will lead to the location and recovery
of the evidence such as the loot or other pieces of evidence relevant
to criminal activities.
OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION:
• Government Records- Police files, NBI files, Bureau of Immigration files, Comelec
files, files from the local jails, National penitentiaries & other government agencies.

• Private Records- from private offices & business & non-government organizations.

• Intercepted Messages- from telephones, cell phones, radio telecommunications &

other means of communications. ( RA 4200 and RA

• Records of Firearms & Explosive Unit concerning licensed holders of firearms &
authorized possessor of explosives.

• Fire Bursting- tracing the chain of possession of a firearm, from the manufacturer,
distributor, seller, and the last possessor. This could be done thru the files of the FBI
& other police agencies.

• Records of foreign & local manufacturers of vehicles concerning the engine &
chassis numbers of the suspected vehicles used in the commission of crimes or are
the subject of carnapping.

• Stored data on computers & Cell phones- Only experts must be employed to
retrieve the data.
Confidential Informant is a person who provides an investigation with
confidential information’s concerning a past or projected crime and
does not wish to be known as the source of the information. The
investigator should take a special precaution to protect the identity of
such an informant because of his value as a source on the disclosure
of crimes.
Communication with Informants
In order to avoid revealing of the informant, the following points must
be observed in communication:
 
1. Meeting should be held at place other than the operatives
2. Circumstances surrounding the meeting should not be repeated to
the extent that a recognizable pattern is created.
 
Different Types of Informants
A. anonymous informants- he may be an anonymous telephone
caller or anonymous letter writer. If the person seems to have real
information, get all the possible fact, but:
1. Do not reveal any information you may have by stating that you
already know what is being told to you.
2. Do not let your telephone conversation disclose facts which should
not leak out.
3. Do not let caller press you to reveal facts.
4. Do not let the tendency to “show off” or to impress your
anonymous caller with what you already know to get the better of
you.
5. Do not let your caller find out more from you than you from him.
B. rival- elimination informant- is usually anonymous. His purpose in
informing is to eliminate rival or competition.
 
C. false informant- reveals information usually of no consequence or stuff
concocted of thin air. He may do so out of the desire to appear to be on the
side of law and order and for the purpose of throwing suspicion from himself
or his gang or associates.
 
D. frightened informant- maybe prodded by fear or self interest. He maybe
one of the “little men” who runs to the police when he sees that his
confederates are about to be involved in a dangerous situation. He is usually
motivated by anxiety for his own well-being and will furnish information as a
protective device and as a means of sustaining his own feeling of self-
importance. This type is the weakest link in the criminal chain.
 
E. self-Aggrandizing Informants- moves around the centers of criminals, group
or syndicate & delights in surprising the police about bits of information. His
information maybe of value by way of authentication in the intelligence
operation.
F. Mercenary Informants- has something to sell. He may be a valuable
source. Sometimes there is a revenge motive present. He may have
thought himself to have been double crossed or given a “dirty deal” and
seeks revenge as well as profit in the telling.
 
G. double - crosser informant- uses his seeming desire to give
information as an excuse to talk to the police in order to get more
information from them than he gives. It is well to feed this informant
false information to catch him.
 
H. Woman informant- maybe the female associate of any criminal. She
may be able to give valuable information, but the investigator must
beware because “the female specie is more deadly than the male.
 
I. Legitimate informant- will include operators of licensed premises who
do not want their place of business to become hangouts of dangerous
criminals.
Possible Motives of the Informants in Giving Information
The motives of the informant in disclosing information are numerous
and it is the duty of the investigator to evaluate the informant and the
information given.
 
1. Vanity- the self aggrandizing person who delights in giving
information to gain favorable attention from the police authorities.
 
2. Civic mindedness- the public spirited person of good standing in
the community who is interested in seeing that justice is done.
 
3. fear- the person under an illusion of oppression by enemies or of
other pending dangers.
 
4. repentance- the person, usually an accomplice who has a change
of heart and wishes to report a crime that is prying on his conscience.
5. Avoidance of punishment- the person who is apprehended in the
commission of a minor offense and seeks to avoid prosecution by
revealing information concerning a major crime.
 
6. gratitude of Gain- the person who is willing to cooperate in giving
information to express appreciation or to obtain a privilege, such as
one who is arrested and desire cigarettes or other items, or a former
prisoner who wishes to repay the police officers interest in the
welfare of his family during his detention.
 
7. competition- the person (usually earning a living by questionable
means) who is wishing by this means to eliminate his competitors.
8. revenge- the person who wishes to settle a grudge because
someone else informed against him took advantage of him or
otherwise injured him.
 
9. jealousy- a person who is envious of the accomplishment of
possession of another and wishes to humiliate him.
 
10. remuneration- the person who informs solely for the monetary of
other material gain he is to receive.
How should the investigator obtain and protect informants
An effective investigator usually has a number of confidential
informants drawn from various classes and occupations. He must
develop their friendship and cooperation over the course of years.
 
The investigator should safeguard the identity of the informant, first
as a matter of ethical practice and second, because of the danger of
underdetermining the confidence of his sources. The identity of the
informant should not be disclosed unless absolutely necessary and
then only proper authorities.
The treatment of the informant in the investigator –information
relationship is an individual problem based upon personality,
education and occupation. The investigators sources of information
are only valuable if they are able to obtain desired information or if
they are willing to volunteer to give known information. To aid the
investigator, the following general rules regarding this relationship
must be complied:
 
1. Fair treatment- the informant should be treated considerately,
regardless of his character, education or occupation.
 
2. Reliability- the investigator should be scrupulous in the fulfillment
of all ethical promises which he has made. Any other police results in
distrusts and a loss of the informant.
 

3. Control- the informant should not be permitted to take charge of

any phase of the investigation.
Dismissal of the Informant

When the service of the informant is no longer necessary or when he

becomes undesirable, arrangement for his dismissal must be made.
The investigator should avoid antagonizing the informant or
otherwise creating an unfavorable reaction to the police
organization..if there is a file of informants in the unit, the reason for
this dismissal must be in writing for future reference.
 
An informant maybe dismissed because of ineptitude, security risk,
criminal record or act, submitting false information, etc. but, if his
dismissal is on account of the fact that his services are no longer, it
must be without prejudice for his recall wherever necessary.
 
The investigator must continuously evaluate his information. The
information received must be tested for consistency by checking with
information obtained from other sources of persons. The motives and
interests should be considered and evaluated
Tracing Sources of Information
Tracing is the application of all procedures for the search of persons.
Source of information is the application of various sources of
information in connection with the criminal investigation.
 
Tracing Missing Person Defined
A missing person is anyone reported missing who is a minor or if of
major age is seriously affected mentally or physically, or absent under
circumstances which would indicate involuntary disappearance.
 
 
Procedure of Investigating of Missing Persons
 
A. notification- a full description which places emphasis on other law
enforcing agencies. Circulars with a complete description and a
photograph would be distributed for placement in public places.
General alarm maybe transmitted and inquiries must be made in
hospitals and morgues.
 
B. Background Investigations- the investigator should interview
relatives and friends in order to establish motive.
Information concerning the following must be taken:
Procedures in Tracing Fugitives
The procedure of approach in tracing fugitives depends on the
characters of the subject. In the case of astute fugitive, discreet methods
must be employed. With the inexperienced criminal, a more direct
approach is permissible.
The following steps maybe taken:
1. Routine Information-
A. full name and alias
B. physical description
C. modus operandi
D. motive
E. associates, past and present including girlfriend (s)
F. habits, hangouts, and resorts he is known to frequent
F. habits, hangouts, and resorts he is known to frequent
G. criminal record, photographs and fingerprints
H. residence last known and previous location
I. employment, last know and previous employees and colleagues.
J. relative names and addresses
K. close friends, and addresses
L. driver’s license
M. SSS or GSIS number
N. handwriting for comparison with mail cover and hotel registration
2. For immediate action- if immediate action is demanded, the
following procedure must be adopted:
 
A. transmission of the information to other law- enforcing agencies
B. sending of police circular
C. notification of other agencies possessing informative records
 
Procedures of Tracing Aliens, Naturalized Citizens and Sea men or
crew members
 
A. aliens- aside from the information gathered from friends and
relatives, the investigator should get records from the Immigration
Bureau and from their respective diplomatic and consular officer.
 
B. naturalized Citizens- his records in the Department of Justice and
court wherein he filed his naturalization papers must be investigated.
 
C. Seamen or Crew Members- information may be obtained from the
local representative of the shipping company, diplomatic or consular
representative’s office, other members of the crew, friends and
relatives.
Tracing Unidentified Person
An unidentified person is one who has been physically or mentally
affected to a degree or in a manner requiring the attention of the
police and who cannot be readily identified, or whose friends or
relatives cannot be immediately located.
 
The procedure to be adopted must be the same as that of tracing
unidentified dead.
In the tracing of persons, there is no specific standard procedure
applicable to all cases. Each case must be taken individually in the
light of existing circumstances.
Ordinarily, there is no existing difference between a missing persons
and a wanted person.
If the wanted person is the perpetrate of crime, his motive to escape
and evade justice is clear, while a missing person endeavors to escape
from his present circumstances and reestablish himself in the new
surroundings.
WHAT IS SURVEILLANCE?
A form of clandestine investigation which consist of keeping
persons, place or other targets under physical observation to
obtain information pertinent to the investigation.
Oldest and easily used by the police.
THE TWO GENERAL TYPES OF SURVELLANCE
1. Moving surveillance. Maybe referred to as a tail or shadow. 
A moving surveillance is conducted when a person, object or
activity being watched move from one place to another. The
surveillant may however, move from one vantage point to
another in the immediate area.
2. Fixed surveillance. Maybe referred as a stakeout. 
Is conducted when a person, object, or activity being watched
is not expected to move from one area. The surveillant may
however, move from one vantage point to another in the
immediate area
TERMINOLOGY USED IN
SURVEILLANCE
Pre-surveillance Conference - conference held surveillance
Stake out - fixed point observation.
Tailing or Shadowing - observation of a person’s movement.
Undercover Man - person trained to penetrate organization.
Liaison Program - assignment to other agencies like the press, credit agencies, labor unions,
telephone companies, etc.)
Safe House - It is a place, building, enclosed mobile, or an apartment, where police
undercover men meet his action agent for debriefing or reporting purposes.
Drop - a convenient, secure, and unsuspecting place where a police asset and handler leaves
a note
Convoy - accomplice or associate of the subject.
Decoy. person almost similar to the subject used to avoid or elude surveillance.
Contact - person or subject picks or deals with while he is under surveillance.
Made – subject becomes aware that he is under observation
Agent/operatives - is the person or group of persons working as a team who maintains
the surveillance or perform the observation.
Subject- is the person or places or things being surveyed/ watched.
Surveillance of Places
The crimes which require this type of surveillance are gambling,
prostitution, illegal sale of drugs and alcohol, dishonesty among
employees or infidelity in a divorce.
 
Objectives of Surveillance of Place
 
1. To detect criminal activities
2. To discover the identities of persons who frequent the
establishment and to determine their relationship.
3. To discern the habits of a person who lives in or frequents the
place.
4. To obtain evidence of a crime or to prevent the commission of a
crime.
5. To provide a basis for obtaining a search warrant.
6. To apprehend persons in the commission of the offense.
 
Preliminary Survey of the Place of Surveillance
-careful survey of the surrounding should be made. The character of the
neighborhood, the residents and the transients should be noted. The
observation point should
Be selected. Two types of places of surveillance are:
 
1. Using a room in a nearby house or business establishment and
remaining undercover.
2. remaining outdoors and posing who would normally conduct his
business in such an area, i.e., laborer, carpenter, street vendor, etc.
 
 
Equipment's used in the Surveillance of a Place
A. picture camera with telephoto lens
B. Binoculars
C. Tape recorder apparatus
D. Wire tapping device
E. Other recording instruments
 
Name and Duties of Agent/operatives in Surveillance of a Place
The agent/operatives should record all activities taking a place in
the establishment under surveillance. The time of arrival and
departure of each person should be carefully noted. Photographs
and motion picture film footages should be numbered with
reference of time.
In certain instances, it may be necessary to move the
observations post, more the equipments. Relieve the
agent/operatives or terminate the surveillance. This must be
done with secrecy. It is necessary to have the agent/operatives to
be at its minimum number and the purpose of the installation
not be revealed.
 
Considerations in Surveillance Planning
Pre-surveillance conference- a conference held among the team
members, the police intelligence unit before surveillance is
conducted.
METHODS OF SURVEILLANCE

1. Loose surveillance. Observation of the subject or

object is not continuous. The surveillance maybe
discontinued if the subject becomes suspicious or when
the services of another surveillant are required. 
2. Close Surveillance. Continuous observation of the
subject is maintained at all times, even if the subject
appears to become suspicious or openly accosts the
surveillant and accuses him of watching or following
him.
3. Combination of Loose and Close Surveillance.
Circumstances, which usually depend on the specific act
of the subject, may necessitate a change from a loose
surveillance to a close surveillance without prior notice.

TRAZER045
METHODS FOOT SURVEILLANCE
a. One-Man Surveillance. One investigator is used to
conduct the surveillance. It is best employed in a
fixed surveillance. It should be avoided in moving
surveillance because it provides the least amount of
flexibility in the surveillant, in addition to watching
the subject should take notes, watch for convoys,
and collect evidences.
b. Two-Man or “AB” Surveillance 
In the “AB” technique of surveillance, the surveillant
behind the subject is always known as “A”
surveillant. “A” follows the subject and “B” either
follows on the same side of the street or from across
the street.
C .Three – Man Shadower or ABC Technique of
Shadowing
-the three shower are represented as A, B, C.
This is how they work. A is close to the subject
and follows him/ her at a distance depending
on the pedestrian traffic. B follows A at the
same distance of A to the subject. If vehicular
traffic is moderate, it may be opposite him/her
on the other side of the street. B and C take
turns in assuming the position of A to prevent
A from becoming familiar and noticeable figure
to the subject. Pre-arranged signals are
encouraged.
Shadowing or Tailing

Is the act of following the person.

Purpose of Shadowing
1. To detect evidences of criminal activities.
2. To establish the associations of a suspect.
3. To find a wanted person
4. To protect a witness
5. To discover the associations, amusement and
habits of an employee who has been proposed for a
position of responsibility.
6. To check the loyalty of employees in an
establishment where the theft have occurred.
Dont’s in Shadowing
1. Don’t meet the eye of the subject. Doing so
tends to fix the shadower in the mind of the
subject. If the subject turns and it seems as if a
face to face encounter will result, the shadower
must look anywhere except the subjects face.
2. Don’t adopt a slinking, sleuthing, creeping
peeking “hawksaw” manner. Don’t slink in and
out of doorways, sleuth behind the subject,
creep from around parked cars, peek from
around corners, it is unnecessary, ineffectual,
and above all attract attention.
3. Don’t wear story-book disguises. False whiskers,
artistically nose, simulated deformities and the like rarely.
If ever, are convincing when worn by an amateur and
seldom convincing for any length of time even when worn
by a professional actor or when applied by a professional
make –up artist. These disguises maybe good for the
theater but not for the street.

4. Don’t carry briefcases, notebooks, papers, or other

noticeable objects.

5. Don’t greet fellow officers or allow them to greet you. It

must be an established policy that other officers in or out
of uniform do not greet each other on the streets if there is
any possibility that one may be on a job.
6. Don’t make notations or entries ostensive.
Strangely enough sometimes, the more
experience shadower fails to observe this
precaution. This is to avoid suspicion of his
mission.
Preparation for Shadowing
Preliminary survey of the future works as
agent/operatives must be made by the
investigator to prepare him for the contingencies
that may arise:
1. If the agent/operatives do not know the
subject to be shadowed, he should obtain a
complete description of him, or have
somebody point to him the subject.

2. He must learn the habits, haunts and social

gatherings and social life of the subject.
3. From the information gathered, the
investigator should be prepared accordingly.
He should endeavor to dress and act as though
he belonged to the milieu in which he expects
to find the subject.

4. He should be casual and his interests

apparently centered in matters other than
subject. Nervousness and haste should be
avoided.
5. He should study the neighborhood carefully
in order to become familiar with the
transportation lines and the likely pedestrian
routes between points. In the event that he
loses the subject, the investigator will then be
prepared to pick up the trail again.

6. The subject should be identified at the onset

of the surveillance. Mental notes are taken of
the physical description, clothing’s and the
behavior or subject.
Different Methods of Shadowing by foot.
There are several methods of shadowing by foot. The method used will
depend on the circumstances of the case.

A. One man shadow- this is the most common because it involves the use
of the least number of men. In this type of surveillance, the shadower will
follow the subject and make notes authentically of that entire subject
does. He will record all contracts, description of all the person
encountered, places visited, time spent in various places, routes taken,etc.

 If the subject enters a public lobby, the shadower may take an adjoining
room. He may listen to conversations which may take place in the
subjects’ room. If the leaves the hotel and takes a cab, the shadower will
take another cab.
 If the subject takes a public conveyance, the shadower will also take the
same conveyance and take a seat behind the subject.
 If the subject gets into a theater line, railway ticket line, and the like, the
shadower will fall in line immediately behind the subjects that he can
hear the reservation or destination. If he fails to hear, then he must ask
the ticket agent.
B. Two Man Shadow- this is more advantageous because
it permits immediately change and are less likely to be
recognized. One shadower will follow the subject and the
other may either be abreast, or on the opposite side of
the street or I following the shadower.

C. Three Man Shadower/or ABC Method of Shadowing-

A,B and C, A is closest to subject S. He follows A at a
distance which depends on the pedestrian traffic. B
follows A., at about the same distance from A as A is
from S, or, if vehicular traffic is moderate, maybe
approximately opposite him on the other side of the
street. B and C take turns in occupying the A position,
thus preventing A becoming a familiar and noticeable
figure to S. Pre- arrange signals should be employed.
Advantages of ABC Method
1. If the subject becomes suspicious of any of
the operators, that person can quickly drop
out of the tail.

2. If suddenly turns a corner, A may continue

straight ahead, instead of hurrying to the
corner and anxiously looking for the subject. C
may then cross the street and follow S, thus
taking up the A position. C moreover has been
in a position to view any sudden disappearance
into the building.
The tactic and techniques of Shadowing
The subject should be kept unaware of the
shadowing operation. The investigator should be
inconspicuous. He should not be detected looking
directly at the subject. He should shift from left to
right never remaining for long directly behind the
subject. Both side of the street should be used. If the
subject is aware of the tailing, he should request for
his immediate removal.
A. Turning corner- if the subject turns a corner, the
agent should not hurry. If the subject is lost, the
nature of the neighborhood will determine the
subsequent procedure. In most cases, it is
preferable to lose the subject than to alert him to
the tail.
B. Entering A Building- If the building is a store, the agent
should wait until the subject comes out. In buildings
having a number of exits, it is necessary to follow him
inside. If the subject enters an elevator, the agent should
board the same elevator. The agent may tell the elevator
boy that his destination is the same floor as the subject,
or he may proceed to the top floor. If there are more one
agent, one should alight at the subjects floor and the
other should proceed in a different direction then the
latter can return to the first floor and wit for the subject.

C. Taking the Bus-the agent should board the same bus;

sit behind the subject on the same side. If he misses the
bus, he should hire a taxi and board the bus at a point
ahead.
D. Taking a Taxi- when the subject takes a cab, the
agent records the time, place and name of the taxi’s
company and license. He should endeavor to follow
in another taxi. If this results in failure, he should
trace the taxi by means of recorded information and
ascertain the destination from the taxi driver.

E. Taking a Train- if the subject shows his intention

of buying a ticket, the agent should endeavor to get
in line behind him with one person intervening. If he
hears the destination requested by the subject he
may buy a similar ticket. In the event that he is
unable to hear the destination, he should merely
request for a time table.
F. In a Restaurant- the agent should allow a few
minutes to elapse before following the subject into a
restaurant. He should then take an obscure sect and
arranged to finish his meal at the same time as the
subject.

G. In a Hotel- an inquiry can be made concerning the

room of the subject. If he registered, the agent can
take the adjoining room.

G. In a telephone Booth- the agent should either go

into the next booth or stand near enough to hear. He
should note the telephone book use and the page at
which it was left open.
H. in theater- the agent should sit behind the subject and
take note of the various exits which are available.

Explain recognition of agent briefly

The risk constantly incurred by a shadower
a. the risk of being recognized as a shadower of the
subject.

b. the risk of being lost or eluded by the subject. the agent

must be prepared to take intelligent countermeasures to
such risk. If the subject is conscious that he is being
followed up, he will either desist entirely from the pursuit
of his objectives or render the surveillance difficult if not
impossible. The agent should drop the surveillance at once
and must exercise care in his subsequent drop or rather
action.
A. test of the tailing- the common trick of the
suspect when he becomes conscious that he
being tailed is to board a public conveyance ,
such as bus, street car, or subway train, and
then jumping off the vehicle. The subject then
looks about quickly to determine if any other
person jumped off. If the shadower alights too,
the suspect will study him closely to facilitate
future recognition. On finding himself in this
predicament, the agent best tactic is to remain
on the vehicle until the next stop, alight and
board the next car or train.
B. The convoy- sometimes the suspect is being guarded
against shadowers. The convoy is usually at the rear of
the subject.it may be therefore necessary for the agent
to keep a look out behind him to guard against this. If
the subject get behind the convoy and follow him
instead of the subject.
Explain the techniques of shadowing by automobile
briefly
In tailing by automobile, two cars are more effective
than one. At least two persons should be assigned in
ach car. If only one car use , it should follow the subject
at a distance of about one hundred yards. The distance
of the operation will be greater on highways and less in
crowded traffic. If a second car is used, it should follow
at an equal distance behind the first.
Disguising the car-the following precautions
must be observed in disguising a car:

License Plate- a popular type of black color car

should be used and care must be taken that
the license palate are not identified.
This can be remedied by the following:
1. Use of security plate
2. Use of ‘colorums cars””drive-it-yourself”
rented cars
3. Borrowing cars from friends
Appearance – various devices may be used to
change the appearance of a car. Placing and
removing stickers, windshield adornments,
shifting from dim to bright, rearranging the
seats of occupants, changing the occupants’
clothes, changing or removing hats, changing
the number of occupants, etc.
Technique-the manner of driving should be
changed often as by altering between the right
and left lane. If two cars are needed for tailing,
the subject’s car can be signaled to the second
car by a signed, i.g., flashing of lights. In
parking the agent car should be parked in the
next blocked. The building exit and the
subject’s car should be kept under close
observation. The occupant of the agent car
should be in the back seat and should remain
inconspicuous. If they will wait for a
considerable time, it is advisable to leave the
car and walk up and down the street.
Precautions to be observed in tailing by
automobile
a. don’t parked in the same spot too long

b. don’t sit behind the steering wheel for an

extended period

c. it is preferable to sit in the passenger’s seat,

d. don’t approach the parking position in a

manner that may arouse suspicion , e.g.
surreptitiously.

TRAZER045
e. don’t seat both agents in the front seat for an extended
time.

f. don’t park in a prohibited zone if it can be avoided since

such location attracts attention and frequently lead to police
conference.

g. don’t be mysterious about leaving or returning to your

car.

h. don’t used credit cards in the vicinity of the surveillance

if the car has some identification marks or equipment, cares
should be exercised in the selection of a service ing station.

i. don’t operate in a short wave radio with excessive

volume.
j. don’t hold a general conference or board meeting with the
relieving team.

k. don’t fail to give the relieving team the pertinent data that
have develop.

l. don’t telephone repeatedly from the same store or filing

station.

m. don’t be too unconcerned in appearance. In some

instances, it is better to appear to be impatiently waiting.

n. don’t stand around a lobby reading newspaper.

o. don’t look away if the subject approaches. Be normal and

look at him briefly.
TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE
1. According to Intensity and Sensitivity

a. Discreet – subject is unaware that he/she is under observation

b. Close – subject is aware that he/she is under observation. Used
to protect the subject or stop him to commit crime.
c. Loose – applied frequently or infrequently. Period of observation
may vary on each occasion
TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE
2. According to Methods

a. Stationary/fixed/stakeout – observation of place on a fixed point

position.
b. Moving – subject is followed from place to place. (Foot,
motorized, aerial and water)
c. Technical – uses communication and electronic hardware,
gadgets, systems and equipment.
APPEARANCE OF THE OPERATIVE

The following are the ideal requirements for an investigator selected to shadow the person:
A. be of average size, built and general appearance
B. has no noticeable peculiarities in appearance or mannerisms
C. wears an inconspicuous jewelry or clothing.
D. has nothing about him to attract attention or fix him in the mind of a person.
E. has perseverance and be able to wait for hours at a time without showing any sign of
impatience or irritation, since this attract attention.
F. always gives the appearance of attending strictly to own business and of not being
interested in what anyone else maybe doing.
H. be resourceful, versatile, and quick witted , so that he readily conceive reasons or excused
for being in any given place.
 
H. be a good talker, able to talk his way out of embarrassing situations without arousing
suspicion.
BASIC PREPARATION
1. Subject – name, address, description, known associates, habits
vices, ability to elude surveillance.
2. Geographical location – maps, national and religious backgrounds,
transportation, public utilities, etc.
3. Cover Story
4. Vehicle used – description make model, color and plate number.
WHAT IS IDENTIFICATION?
The identification and surveillance of individuals involved in organized
crime and subversive activities consumes a considerable part of the
police operational intelligence field activities.
This also involves gathering information pertaining to the various
organizations that pose threat to the community to include their
locations vehicles, telephone numbers and the like.
WHAT IS CASING?
Reconnaissance or surveillance of a building, place or area to determine its
suitability for intelligence use or its vulnerability in operations.
PURPOSE OF CASING

1. Aids planning and operation

2. Instill confidence to operatives
3. Considered as a security measures
GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN CASING
1. Know the best route to get there.
2. Know how to conduct yourself without attracting attention.
3. Know what security hazards are in the area and how they can
be avoided or minimized.
4. Know the best route how to extricate the area.
METHODS OF CASING
1. Personal Reconnaissance
2. Map Reconnaissance
3. Research
4. Prior Information
5. Hearsay
 INFORMATION DESIRED IN CASING
1. Area Condition - description of the locality
2. Active Opposition – organizations whose task is to prevent
intelligence activity in the area.
3. Disposal plan- disposal of info in case of possible
compromise.
4. Escape and Evasion – the exist planning in case of
emergencies, from immediate focal point, the general area
and completely from the area.
WHAT IS A LIAISON PROGRAM?
the assignment of trained operatives to specific targets with
coordination to any agency such as credit agencies, utility
companies, police agencies of all types, the press labor unions and
telephone companies.
OBSERVATION & DESCRIPTION
(ODEX)
 Observation
a complete and accurate observation that involves the use
of all the major senses to register and recognize its
operational or intelligence significance.

 Description
the actual and factual reporting of one’s observation of the
reported sensory experience recounted by another.
PROCESS FOR
ACCURATE OBSERVATION
1. Attention – becoming aware of an existence of fact.
2. Perception – understanding the fact of awareness.

3. Recording – identifying the name in own mind and

some fact which have been perceived.
WHAT IS ELICITATION?
 It is a system or plan whereby information of
intelligence value is obtained through the process
of direct intercommunication in which one or more
parties is/are unaware of the specific purpose of
the conversation.
DEVICES USED IN ELICITATION

1. Approach- process of
setting people to start
talking
2. Probe – keeping people
to talk incessantly.
Planning the Elicitation

1. What information is necessary or essential.

2. Who has access to the information
3. What are the vulnerabilities
4. How susceptible is the subject to the elicitation
5. Outline elicitation points prior to meeting and
prepare specific questions and know the subject
well.
COVER & UNDERCOVER
OPERATION
 Cover – means by which an individual, group or
organization conceals the true nature of its
activities and existence from the observer.
 Cover story – a biographical account, true or
fictitious, which portray the personality which an
agent assumed.
 Cover support – an agent assigned in target areas
with the primary mission of supporting the cover
story.
Importance of Cover

1. Secrecy of operation against enemy intelligence

2. Secrecy of operation against friendly agencies who
do not have the need to know
3. Successful accomplishment of mission.
Types of Cover

1. Natural Cover – using true or actual personal

background to fit the purpose.
2. Artificial Cover – using biographical data adopted
for a fictitious purpose
3. Cover within a cover – use of secondary to justify
existence
4. Multiple cover – any cover identity wished.
Guidelines when
cover is compromised

1. Move out immediately and relocate.

2. Start new facility for operations and develop it.
3. Use new personnel.
4. Build entirely new cover.
5. Be careful when making contacts with non-
intelligence personnel.
6. Use circuitous route and provide careful counter-
surveillance.
WHAT IS UNDERCOVER ASSIGNMENT?
 an investigative technique
in which an agent conceals
his official identity in order
to obtain information from
the target organization.
Planning an Undercover Assignment

1. Determine level on which investigation is

intended.
2. Develop appropriate cover and cover story.
3. Selection of qualified personnel
4. Consideration of all operational details to include
documentation, contract reporting, housing and
convergence.
5. Briefing, coaching and rehearsals.
Types of Undercover Assignment

1.Dwelling Assignment– establish residence in or

near the target area.
2. Work Assignment – observation at the place of
work.
3. Social Assignment – places of entertainment and
amusement frequented by targets.
4. Multiple Assignments – two or more assignments
covered simultaneously.
5. Rope Job – strike friendship with the subject.
INFORMANT MANAGEMENT

It is an exception to the rule when the ability of an investigator exceeds

the quality and quantity of sources of information he possesses.
Rarely, if ever, has there been an investigator of any proficiency that did
not possess many and varied sources of information. Informant
recruitment and development ranks very high in mandatory achievements
of an intelligence officer. Failure in this area will usually restrict the
individual officer to the ranks of mediocrity.
 Classification of Clandestine Agents
1. Principal Agent
2. Action Agent
3. Support Agent
Who is a Principal Agent?

A managerial agent and the leader of an agent network.

 Recruited agent who is authorized by the clandestine
organization to recruit and handle sub-agents under the
direction and control of an agent handler.
Who is an Action Agent?

 The doer of the clandestine task

 May be further classified according to
the task he is assigned

Covert Action Agent - is a fully recruited agent who is in a

senior position usually within a government and able to exert
influence on a foreign government at the direction of a
sponsor. He is an agent usually of political influence.
 Types of Action Agent
1.Counter Intelligence/Intelligence Collection Agent - Obtains information about one or
more opposition targets
2.Access Agent - gather operationally useful information such as biographies, motivational,
personality, occupational on possible target individuals from within the opposition
3.Legal Traveler - an agent who is able to travel to and from a hostile area to perform
information and collection mission.
4.Penetration Agent - is a counter intelligence agent who provides intelligence information
to the agent handler on internal operations, directions and activities of the opposition
intelligence and security services Propagandist - undertakes action to mold the attitudes,
opinions and action of an individual, group or nation.
5.Saboteur - undertakes positive action against friendly power resulting in the loss of use,
temporary or permanent, of an article, material and facility
6.Guerilla -is a member of a paramilitary group organized to harass the enemy in a war
situation.
7.Strong Arm -provide special protection during the dangerous phases of clandestine
operations
8.Provocation - induces an opposition to act to his own detriment by discrediting himself.
 Who is a Support Agent?

is an agent who engages in activities that support

the clandestine operations. These types of agents
perform all types of auxiliary services at the direction
of the project officer.
 KINDS OF SUPPORT AGENT:
1. Surveillant - observes personnel and places of operational interest
2. Investigator - procures information on persons of things of operational
interest.
3. Procurers of Funds - obtain special currency that are needed in
operational use.
4. Procurers of Supplies - procures ordinary and critical supplies
4. Safehouse Keeper - manages and maintains a safehouse for operational
use.
5. Manager of storage area - arranges the storages, distribution or
transportation of operational supplies.
6. Communication Agent -facilitates communication equipment
Sources of Information
Are persons, things or actions from which information about criminals
and/or subversives, weather and terrain is derived.

TYPES OF SOURCES OF INFO

1. Records
2. Persons
Persons as sources
of information
Informants – people selected as sources of information which could be
voluntary or in consideration of price or reward.
1. Informant – gives info voluntary without any consideration
2. Informer – give info for price or reward.

Informant net – controlled group of people who together under the

direction of agent handler.
Purposes of Informants
• Gain access to areas and targets
inaccessible to intelligence.
• Provide anonymity to investigations and
operations.
• Increase the scope of area of operation
and target coverage