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AIOU
PERCENTILE
RANK
A percentile is a measure that
tells us what percent of the total
frequency scored at orbelow that
measure. A
percentile rank is the percentage
of scores that fall at or below a
given score.
ADVANTAGES
Lay people easily understand
them
Easy to interpret
LIMITATION
SPercentile differences are not
equal
MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY
▶Introduction ▶An average is a single value, which represents
the set of data as whole. Since the average tends to lie in
the center of distribution they are also called measure of
central tendency. There are three methods of measuring the
center of any data.
▶Arithmetic mean ▶The Median ▶The Mode
▶Geometric mean ▶Harmonic mean
MEAN OR
AVERAGE
▶Arithmetic Mean ▶It is defined as the sum of all the
observations divided by
the number of observations. It is denoted by X. ▶When to
use Arithmetic Mean ▶We use arithmetic mean, when we
are required to study
social, economic and commercial problems like
production, price, export and import. It helps in getting
average income, average price, average production etc.
EXAMPLE OF
MEAN
▶Example: ▶5, 10, 12, 16, 8, 42, 25, 15, 10, 7 ▶Solution:
5+10+12+16+8+42+25+15+10+7=150/10 ▶ Mean =
15
ADVANTAGES OF
MEAN
▶It should be rigidly defined and easy to understand.
▶It should be easy to calculate.
▶It should be based on all the observations of the
data.
▶It should be unaffected by extreme observations.
▶It should have sampling stability
DISADVANTAGES OF
MEAN
▶It is highly affected by extreme values.
▶It cannot be accurately calculated for open end
frequency distribution.
▶It cannot be calculated accurately if any observation is
missing.
MEDIA
N
So Mean = 20
ADVANTAGES
MEDIAN
▶It is easy to calculate and understand.
▶It is not affected by extreme values.
▶It can be computed even in open end
frequency distribution.
▶It can be used for qualitative data.
▶It can be located graphically.
DISADVANTAGES
MEDIAN
▶It is not rigorously defined.
▶It is not based on all the observations.
▶It is not suitable for further algebraic
treatment.
MOD
E
▶The most frequent value that occurs in the set of data
is called
mode. A set of data may have more than one mode or no
mode. When it has one mode it is called uni-modal. When
it has two or three modes it is called bi-modal or tri-modal
respectively. ▶Example ▶12, 24, 15, 18, 30, 48, 20, 24
▶So
Mode = 24
APPLICATION OF
MODE
▶These two data have same mean 12, but differ in their
variations. There is more variation in data (b) as compared to
data (a). This illustrates the fact that of central tendency is
not sufficient. We therefore need some additional
information concerning with how the data are dispersed
about the average. This is measuring the dispersion. By
dispersion we mean the degree to which data tend to spread
about an average value.
TYPES MEASURES OF
DISPERSION
▶The Range
across a curve. ▶In statistics this curve is called a normal curve and in social
sciences, it
is called the bell curve. ▶Normal or bell curved is distribution of data may
naturally occur in several possible ways, with
a number of possibilities for standard deviation
SKEWNES
S
Skewness tells us about the amount and direction of
the variation of the data set.
It is a measure of symmetry. A distribution or data set
is symmetric if it looks the same to the left and right of
the central point.
If bulk of data is at the left i.e. the peak is towards left
and the right tail is longer, we say that the distribution is
skewed right or positively skewed.
MEASURE OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY
• For a nominal variable, the mode is the only measure
that can be used.
• For ordinal variables, the mode and the median
may be used. The median provides more
information (taking into account the ranking of
categories.)
• For interval-ratio variables, the mode, median, and mean
may all be calculated. The mean provides the most
information about the distribution, but the median is
preferred if the distribution is skewed.
CIRCLE GRAPH (PIE CHART)