Mrs.

Quratulain
REFERENCE
Guyton chapter 63, 64

https://www.slideshare.net/zoraizhaiderzoraizhaider/
gastrointestinal-system-60163128

https://slideplayer.com/slide/8977049/
Objectives

• By the end of the lesson students will be able to understand about:

• Basic physiology of digestive system

• Functions of different organs of digestive system

• Role of digestive juices

Plexus: network of nerves or vessels in the body
NEURAL CONTROL OF GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTION—ENTERIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• lies entirely in the wall of the gut from esophagus up till anus

• Control gastrointestinal movements and secretion

• The enteric nervous system is composed mainly of two plexuses,

• myenteric plexus or Auerbach’s plexus : an outer plexus lying between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers

• controls mainly the gastrointestinal movements

• submucosal plexus or Meissner’s plexus: an inner plexus lies in the submucosa

• controls mainly gastrointestinal secretion and local blood flow.

• enteric nervous system can function independently of these extrinsic nerves (parasympathetic and sympathetic systems )

• stimulation greatly enhance or inhibit gastrointestinal functions

NEURAL CONTROL OF GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTION - Cont…….

• Stimulation of parasympathetic nerves increase activity of

• the entire enteric nervous system, which in turn enhances

• activity of most gastrointestinal functions

• whereas

• Sympathetic Stimulation Usually Inhibits Gastrointestinal Tract Activity

Gastrointestinal Hormone
TYPES OF MOVEMENTS IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT Cont..
Two types

1 Propulsive movements; which cause food to move forward along the tract

Stimulus:

• requires an active myenteric plexus

• distention of the gut

• physical irritation of the epithelial lining in the gut

• strong parasympathetic nervous signals to the gut

TYPES OF MOVEMENTS IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT Cont..
mixing movements; keep the intestinal contents thoroughly mixed at all times

• Mixing movements differ in different parts of the alimentary

tract
• In some areas, the peristaltic contractions
cause most of the mixing (especially when
forward progression of the intestinal contents is blocked
by a sphincter so that a peristaltic wave churn the intestinal
contents, rather than propelling them
Forward)
• At other times, local intermittent constrictive
contractions occur every few centimeters in the gut wall.
These constrictions usually last only 5 to 30 seconds; new
constrictions then occur at other points in the gut, thus
“chopping” and “shearing” the contents first here and then
there. These peristaltic and constrictive movements are
modified in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract for
proper propulsion and mixing
The splanchnic circulation consists of the blood supply to the
gastrointestinal tract​, liver, spleen, and pancreas
Propulsion and Mixing of Food in the Alimentary Tract
• Mastication (Chewing)
• Teeth are specially designed

• Muscles of chewing are innervated by 5th cranial nerve

(trigeminal nerve)

• Chewing process controlled by nuclei in brain stem,

hypothalamus, amygdala, cerebral cortex

Deglutition (or swallowing)

• Defined as,
• The movement of food from the mouth into the stomach
• Facilitated by the secretion of saliva and mucus
• Swallowing occurs in three stages:
1. The voluntary stage, in which the bolus is passed into
the oropharynx
• Caused by the movement of the tongue upward
and backward against the palate
2. The pharyngeal stage, the involuntary passage of the
bolus through the pharynx into the esophagus;
• Bolus stimulates receptors in the oropharynx,
which send impulses to the deglutition center
• Soft palate and uvula move upward to close off
the nasopharynx
• The epiglottis closes off the opening to the larynx
• Once the upper esophageal sphincter relaxes, the
bolus moves into the esophagus
The esophageal stage,
the involuntary passage of the bolus through the esophagus into the
stomach
• Peristalsis, a progression of coordinated contractions and relaxations of the circular and
longitudinal layers of the muscularis, pushes the bolus onward
• The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes and the bolus moves into the stomach
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THANK YOU