PROF .

ROHINI SANKHE
SOCIOLOGOLY PPT.
TOPIC .. THE CONTRIBUTION OF SOCIOLOGIST AND WOMEN SOCIOLOGIST
 INDEX
1.INTRODUCTION
2.A BRIEF HISTORY
3.DEMODED HISTORY
4. DISCIPLINES
5.OTHER CREATORS
6.FIRST FEMINST SOCIOLOGIST
7.INDIAN SOCIOLOGIS
8.SALUTATION
INTRODUCTION
Sociologists are concerned with the way human behaviour is patterned. They look for
plausible explanations of phenomena that strike them as important due to their
objective prevalence in social life. This chapter outlines the social scientific tools
for studying religion, gender, and sexuality. Drawing on a range of examples from
sociology of religion it explores the significance of individuals’ dispositions on the
one hand and opportunities they encounter in their everyday lives on the other.
The overall argument emphasizes the need for more collaboration between social
scientists and theologians, or religious studies scholars. It suggests that secular
sociologists would do well to consider the possibility of change in gender relations
within religious contexts, and religious scholars could learn from the sociological
method of inquiry to understand better the structurally determined mechanisms
which make the symbolic gender order so resistant to change.
,
 A BRIEF HISTORY
Since ancient times, people have been fascinated by the relationship between individuals and the
societies to which they belong. Many topics studied in modern sociology were also studied by
ancient philosophers in their desire to describe an ideal society, including theories of social
conflict, economics, social cohesion, and power .
In the thirteenth century, Ma Tuan-Lin, a Chinese historian, first recognized social dynamics as an
underlying component of historical development in his seminal encyclopedia, General Study of
Literary Remains. The next century saw the emergence of the historian some consider to be the
world’s first sociologist: Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) of Tunisia. He wrote about many topics of
interest today, setting a foundation for both modern sociology and economics, including a theory
of social conflict, a comparison of nomadic and sedentary life, a description of political economy,
and a study connecting a tribe’s social cohesion to its capacity for power.
 DEMODED HISTORY
In the eighteenth century, Age of Enlightenment philosophers developed
general principles that could be used to explain social life. Thinkers such
as John Locke, Voltaire, Immanuel Kant, and Thomas Hobbes
responded to what they saw as social ills by writing on topics that they
hoped would lead to social reform. Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797)
wrote about women’s conditions in society. Her works were long ignored
by the male academic structure, but since the 1970s, Wollstonecraft has
been widely considered the first feminist thinker of consequence.
The early nineteenth century saw great changes with the Industrial
Revolution, increased mobility, and new kinds of employment. It was
also a time of great social and political upheaval with the rise of empires
that exposed many people—for the first time—to societies and cultures
other than their own. Millions of people moved into cities and many
people turned away from their traditional religious beliefs.
OTHER CREATORS AND THEIR DISCIPLINES
The term sociology was first coined in 1780 by the French essayist
Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès (1748–1836) in an unpublished
manuscript (Faure et al. 1999). In 1838, the term was reinvented
by Auguste Comte (1798–1857). Comte originally studied to be
an engineer, but later became a pupil of social philosopher
Claude Henri de RouvroyComte de Saint-Simon (1760–1825).
They both thought that social scientists could study society using
the same scientific methods utilized in natural sciences. Comte
also believed in the potential of social scientists to work toward
the betterment of society. He held that once scholars identified
the laws that governed society, sociologists could address
problems such as poor education and poverty Comte named the
scientific study of social patterns positivism. He described his
philosophy in a series of books called The Course in Positive
Philosophy (1830–1842) and A General View of Positivism (1848).
He believed that using scientific methods to reveal the laws by
which societies and individuals interact would usher in a new
“positivist” age of history. While the field and its terminology
have grown, sociologists still believe in the positive impact of
their work.
Harriet Martineau (1802–1876)—the First Woman
Sociologist
Harriet Martineau was a writer who addressed a wide range of social
science issues. She was an early observer of social practices,
including economics, social class, religion, suicide, government,
and women’s rights. Her writing career began in 1931 with a
series of stories titled Illustrations of Political Economy, in which
she tried to educate ordinary people about the principles of
economics (Johnson 2003).
Martineau was the first to translate Comte’s writing from French to
English and thereby introduced sociology to English-speaking
scholars (Hill 1991). She is also credited with the first systematic
methodological international comparisons of social institutions in
two of her most famous sociological works: Society in
America (1837) and Retrospect of Western Travel (1838).
Martineau found the workings of capitalism at odds with the
professed moral principles of people in the United States; she
pointed out the faults with the free enterprise system in which
workers were exploited and impoverished while business owners
became wealthy. She further noted that the belief in all being
created equal was inconsistent with the lack of women’s rights.
Much like Mary Wollstonecraft, Martineau was often discounted
in her own time by the male domination of academic sociology.
Karl Marx (1818–1883)

Karl Marx (1818–1883) was a German philosopher

and economist. In 1848 he and Friedrich Engels
(1820–1895) coauthored the Communist Manifesto.
This book is one of the most influential political
manuscripts in history. It also presents Marx’s
theory of society, which differed from what Comte
proposed.
Marx rejected Comte’s positivism. He believed that
societies grew and changed as a result of the
struggles of different social classes over the means
of production. At the time he was developing his
theories, the Industrial Revolution and the rise of
capitalism led to great disparities in wealth
between the owners of the factories and workers.
Capitalism, an economic system characterized by
private or corporate ownership of goods and the
means to produce them, grew in many nations.
Herbert Spencer (1820–1903)
In 1873, the English philosopher Herbert Spencer published The Study of
Sociology, the first book with the term “sociology” in the title. Spencer
rejected much of Comte’s philosophy as well as Marx’s theory of class
struggle and his support of communism. Instead, he favored a form of
government that allowed market forces to control capitalism. His work
influenced many early sociologists including Émile Durkheim (1858–
1917).
EMERGENCE OF SOCIOLOGY IN INDIA
The origin of sociology and social anthropology in India can be traced to the days when the British
officials realized the need to understand the native society and its culture in the interest of
smooth administration. However, it was only during the twenties of the last century that steps
were taken to introduce sociology and social anthropology as academic disciplines in Indian
universities.
The popularity that these subjects enjoy today and their professionalization is, however, a post-
independence phenomenon. Attempts have been made by scholars from time to time to outline
the historical developments, to highlight the salient trends and to identify the crucial problems of
these subjects.
Sociology and social/cultural anthropology are cognate disciplines and are in fact indissoluble.
However, the two disciplines have existed and functioned in a compartmentalized manner in the
European continent as well as in the United States. This separation bears the indelible impress of
western colonialism and Euro-centrism.

however, Indian sociologists and anthropologists

have made an attempt to integrate sociology and
anthropology in research, teaching and
recruitment. They have made a prominent
contribution to the development of indigenous
studies of Indian society and have set an enviable
example before the Asian and African scholars.
1907: radicalisation and repression

Banner of the Vol. V, No. 8 of The Indian Sociologist published in August 1909, for which Guy
Aldred was prosecuted
Starting with quite a mild stance in that "India and England should sever their connection
peaceably and part as friends",[2] it became more radical in 1907, actively advocating
Swaraj[3] (Home Rule) and organisation of the Society of Political Missionaries of India.
[1]:3437 This incurred police surveillance, a debate in the British House of Commons (30 July
1907) and a ban on import and sale of the journal in India from 19 September 1907.
Krishnavarma had already departed in June 1907, remarking in the September issue: "On the
earnest advice of some of our friends, we left England, practically for good, during the early
part of June last, seeing that mischief was brewing". It was not banned in England and
continued to be printed there.

However, two of the printers were arrested for sedition for printing it in 1909. Arthur Fletcher
Horsley was arrested and tried for printing the May, June and July issues.[4] He was tried and
sentenced on the same day as Madan Lal Dhingra for the assassination of Sir William Hutt
Curzon Wyllie. The trial was very prominent, with the remarks by the Lord Chief Justice to
indicate anyone printing this sort of material would be liable for prosecution. Nevertheless,
Guy Aldred, a 22-year-old anarchist advocate of the free press, published it bearing his own
name. The police obtained a warrant and seized 396 copies of the issue. At the trial,[5] the
prosecution was led by William Robson, Baron Robson, the Attorney General at the Central
Criminal Court. Robson highlighted parts of the journal which Aldred had himself written,
particularly focusing on a passage which touched on the execution of Dhingra:
Shyamaji Krishnavarma, founder of the India House organization in Highgate, began to produce
and edit The Indian Sociologist in January 1905. The subtitle of The Indian Sociologist was 'an
Organ of Freedom, of Political, Social and Religious Reform'. It carried on its masthead two
quotes from Herbert Spencer: 'Everyman is free to do that which he wills, provided he infringes
not the equal freedom of any other man', and 'Resistance to aggression is not simply justifiable
but imperative. Non-resistance hurts both altruism and egoism'.

Krishnavarma used the monthly journal to publicize his scholarship schemes and express his
views on British and Indian politics. The inflammatory nature of some of Krishnavarma's articles
brought The Indian Sociologist to the attention of the Government. Krishnavarma was disbarred
and fled to Paris to avoid arrest. When Krishnavarma fled to Paris in 1907, the Indian Sociologist
continued to be printed in London by Arthur Horsley and Guy Aldred. However, in 1909 the
Government also moved to prosecute the printers, so Krishnavarma printed the journal from
Paris until 1914, from where copies were smuggled into India. He then re-started the journal in
1920 in Geneva until 1922.
G. S. Ghurye
Ghurye was born on 12 December 1893, at Malvan, in present-day 
Maharashtra. His early schooling was at the 
Aryan Education Society's High School, Girgaum, in Bombay, and
then at Bahadur Khanji High School, Junagadh, in the 
princely state of Janugadh.He joined Bahauddin college at Junagarh,
in 1912, but moved on to Elphinstone College, Bombay, after a year,
and received his B. A. (Sanskrit) and M. A. (Sanskrit) degrees from
there. He earned the Bhau Daji prize with his B. A., and the
Chancellor's gold medal with his M. A. degree. After completing his
M. A., Ghurye received a scholarship for further studies in England,
and earned his PhD from Cambridge University in 1922.  Ghurye was
deeply influenced by W. H. R. Rivers, who was his PhD guide. After
Rivers' untimely death in 1922, he completed his thesis under 
A. C. Haddon.
Ghurye was appointed as Head of Department of the Department of
Sociology in Bombay University in 1924, and retired in 1959. The
department was founded by Patrick Geddes in 1919. However, when
Ghurye took it over, it was on the verge of closure. The department
came alive once again with Ghurye, and now, Ghurye is regarded as the
real founder]  and "shaped" the study of sociology there from then
on. He also founded the Indian Sociological Society and its newsletter,
Sociological Bulletin, and served as head for both.] 
M. N. Srinivas
Srinivas earned his doctorate in sociology from the University
of Bombay (later renamed as University of Mumbai) and went
on to the University of Oxford for further studies. Although,
he had already written a book on family and marriage in 
Mysore and completed his PhD at University of Bombay
 before he went to the University of Oxford in the late 1940s
for further education, his training there played a significant
role in the development of his ideas
HE RECEIVED MANY HONOURS FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF BOMBAY,
THE ROYAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, AND THE 
GOVERNMENT OF FRANCE; IN 1977, HE HAS RECEIVED THE PADMA
BHUSHAN[7] FROM THE PRESIDENT OF INDIA; AND HE WAS THE
HONORARY FOREIGN MEMBER OF TWO PRESTIGIOUS ACADEMIES:
THE BRITISH ACADEMY AND THE 
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 
NATIONAL TRANSLATION MISSION OF THE 
MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT OF GOVERNMENT OF
INDIA HAS SELECTED HIS WORKS, SOCIAL CHANGE IN MODERN
INDIA AND CASTE IN MODERN INDIA FOR TRANSLATION INTO INDIAN
LANGUAGES. THE LATTER ONE HAS ALREADY BEEN PUBLISHED IN 
MAITHILI LANGUAGE.
Irawati Karve
Karve was born on 15 December 1905 to a wealthy 
Chitpavan Brahmin[2] family and was named after the 
Irrawaddy River in Burma where her father, Ganesh Hari
Karmarkar, was working for the Burma Cotton Company.
She attended the girls boarding school Huzurpaga in Pune
 from the age of seven and then studied philosophy at 
Fergusson College, from which she graduated in 1926. She
then obtained a Dakshina Fellowship to study sociology
under G. S. Ghurye at Bombay University, obtaining a
master's degree in 1928 with a thesis on the subject of her
own caste titled The Chitpavan Brahmans — An Ethnic
Study.[3]
although Karve was very well known in her time, especially in
her native Maharashtra, and gets an honourable mention in
standard histories of sociology/anthropology, she does not seem
to have had a lasting effect on the disciplines in the way of some
of her contemporaries.
Karve worked as an administrator at SNDT Women's University in Bombay from 1931 to 1936
and did some postgraduate teaching in the city. She moved to Pune's Deccan College as a 
Reader in sociology in 1939 and remained there for the rest of her career.
According to Nandini Sundar Karve was the first Indian female anthropologist, a discipline that
in India during her lifetime was generally synonymous with sociology. She had wide-ranging
academic interests, including anthropology, anthropometry, serology, Indology and 
palaeontology as well as collecting folk songs and translating feminist poetry.
Presentation by
Aayush Jaiswal
standard 11th
straem .arts
Subject :sociology
Prof. Rohini Sankhe

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