EE-260

Lecture No 03, 04

Electrical Machines
Text Book: Chapter 01 (Stephen J. Chapman 4 th or 5th Ed)

Instructor: Dr. Farid Gul

Class: BEE-19AB Fall 2021
Electrical Engineering Department
Topics to be Covered
1. Magnetic Behavior of Ferromagnetic Materials page#21
2. Energy losses in ferromagnetic core page#26
3. Faraday’s law page#28
4. Lenz’s law page#29
5. Flux linkage in a coil page#30
6. Eddy Currents in Magnetic Field page#31
7. The Linear Dc Machine- A Simple Example page#36

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 1. Magnetic Behavior of Ferromagnetic Materials
Permeability is constant in free space, but not in
ferromagnetic materials
Apply current from zero Ampere up to max permissible
current. Saturation Curve or Magnetization Curve is
saturation
obtained. knee
 ,Wb

Linear

F , A.turns
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 1. Magnetic Behavior of Ferromagnetic Materials
The Magnetization Curve has three regions
1. Linear Region
2. Knee Point
3. Saturation Region
Ni
H H  Ni
lc
Magnetizing intensity H is directly proportional to the MMF

  BA B 
Magnetic Flux density is directly proportional to
the flux.

The relationship between B & H has same

shape as between flux and MMF.

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Class Activity
Example 1-4:
Find the relative permeability of the typical
ferromagnetic material whose magnetization
curve is shown in the Figure at :
(a) H=50 A.turns/m
(b) H=100 A.turns/m
(c) H=500 A.turns/m
(d) H=1000 A.turns/m

Calculate the relative

permeability.

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As the magnetizing intensity is
increased the relative permeability
increases and then starts to drop off.
This shape is fairly typical for all
ferromagnetic materials.

Homework:
Solve example 1-5.

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 2. Reading Assignment

“Energy Losses in Ferromagnetic Core”

(Page 26)

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2. Hysteresis Loop

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2. Magnetic Domains Orientation

FIGURE 1-12
(a) Magnetic domains oriented randomly.
(b) Magnetic domains lined up in the presence of an external magnetic field.
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10
 Effect of Magnetic Field on its Surroundings

The three major effects of the magnetic field on its surrounding are:

1. Transformer Action: Faraday’s Law -- Induced Voltage from a Time-Changing

Magnetic Field

2. Motor Action: Production of Induced Force on a current carrying wire in the

presence of a magnetic field

3. Generator Action: Induced Voltage on a Conductor Moving in a Magnetic Field

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Transformer Action
3. Faraday’s law:
If flux passes through a turn of a coil of wire, a voltage will be induced in the
wire, which is directly proportional to the rate of change of flux w.r.t. time.
d
eind 
dt
d
eind  N
dt

By Lenz’ law, the induced voltage opposes the change that causes it; thus a minus
sign is included in the equation

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4. Lenz’s Law
”The direction of voltage build up in a coil is such that if the coil
ends were short circuited, it would produce current that would
cause a flux opposing the original change”.

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5. Flux Linkage in a Coil
It is assumed that the same flux is present in each turn of the coil
which is practically not true
The magnitude of the voltage in ith turn of coil is given
by:
d (i )
eind  
dt
For N-Turns
N  di 
N
eind  e   
i 1 i i 1  dt 

eind 
d

N

dt i 1 i 
d N Thus the induced voltage can be
eind     i expressed in terms of Flux Linkage
dt i 1
as well.
ϕ is the flux, and λ is the flux Linkage expressed in
weber-turns.
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Example 1-6
Figure 1-15 shows a coil of wire wrapped around an iron
core. Flux in the core is given by the equation:
  0.05sin 377t Wb
If there are 100 turns on the core, what voltage is produced
at the terminals of the coil?

Of what polarity is the voltage at the

time when flux is increasing in the
reference direction shown in the
figure?
Assume that all the magnetic flux stays
within the core (i.e., assume that the
flux leakage is zero).
Figure 1-15
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Example 1-6

Solution

d
eind  N
dt
d
 100  0.05sin 377t 
dt
 1885cos 377t

eind  1885sin  377t  90  V Direction of the voltage while the

flux is increasing in the reference
direction must be as shown in the
figure
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 Eddy Currents in Magnetic Field
A time changing flux induces voltage within a coil of wire when it
passes through it.
Magnetic field will induce voltage in the core, which is made up
of iron, which is a resistive material and energy will be
dissipated.
Energy loss due to eddy currents
is proportional to
size of the path they flow

SOLUTION: Break up ferromagnetic core into many thin strips,

use some insulation in between the strips. So eddy currents are
limited to very small area.
(Laminated Core) 17
6. Solution

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Production of Induced Force on a Current Carrying Wire

The force induced on the conductor is: F  i (l × B )

Fleming’s Right Hand Rule: F  ilBSin
The thumb, forefinger, and middle Direction of l defined to be in
finger of the right hand are extended the direction of current flow
at right angles to each other.

“If the index finger of right hand

points in the direction of the
vector l and the middle finger
points in the direction of flux
density vector B, then the thumb
points in the direction of the
resultant force F on the wire.”

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Example 1-7:
The Figure shows a wire carrying a current in the presence of magnetic field.
The magnetic flux density is 0.25 T directed into the page. If the wire is 1.0 m
long and carries 0.5 A of current in the direction from top of the page to the
bottom of the page, what are the magnitude and direction of force induced on
the wire.

Solution
The direction of the force is given by the
right-hand rule as being to the right.

The magnitude is given by

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Production of Induced Voltage on a Conductor Moving in a Magnetic
Field
The Voltage induced in a wire
moving in the magnetic field is:
eind  (v × B).l
Vector l points along the direction
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule: of the wire toward the end making
The thumb, forefinger, and middle finger of the the smallest angle with respect to
right hand are extended at right angles to each the vector v X B
other.

“If the index finger points in the direction of

flux, and the thumb indicates the movement
of conductor, then the middle finger shows
the direction of emf induced in the conductor”

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Example 1-9:
Figure shows a conductor moving with velocity of 10 m/s to the right in the presence of a
magnetic field. The flux density is 0.5 T out of the page, and the wire is 1.0 m long,
oriented as shown. What are the magnitude and polarity of the resulting induced voltage.

Solution
The direction of the vector v X B is downward. The
wire is not oriented on an up-down line, so choose the
direction of l as shown to make the smallest possible
angle with the direction of v X B . The voltage is
positive at the bottom of the wire with respect to the
top of the wire.
The magnitude of the voltage is:

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The Linear DC Machine
A Simple Example

frictionless rails

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Induced Force on a Induced Voltage on a Conductor
Current Carrying Wire Moving in a Magnetic Field

F  i (l × B ) eind  (v × B).l

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The Linear DC Machine
A Simple Example

frictionless rails
The Linear DC Machine- A Simple Example
Behavior of this device can be determined from application of four basic equations:

1. The equation of force on a current carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic field:
F  i (l × B )

2. The equation for the voltage induced on a wire moving in a magnetic field:
eind  ( v × B)  l

3. Kirchoff’s voltage law for this

machines is:
VB  eind  iR

4. Newton’s Law for the bar across the track is:

Fnet  ma
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Starting the Linear DC Machine
1. When the switch is closed, current in
the bar by KVL:
VB  eind
i F  i (l  B ) eind  vBl

R
Initially the bar is at rest; eind = 0 and i = VB/R

2. Due to current in the bar and existence of magnetic field, force is induced on the bar… to the right
Find  i (l × B) or Find  ilB
3. When the bar is accelerated to velocity v a voltage is induced in the bar.

eind  ( v × B)  l or Positive upwards

4. This voltage will reduce the current and as a result the bar will eventually reach a constant steady
state speed.
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The Linear DC Machine- As a
Motor

v(t) : velocity of the bar

eind(t) : induced voltage in the bar
i(t) : current through the bar;
Find(t) : induced force on the bar.

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The Linear DC Machine- As a Motor
   

   

 
   

 
 

   

   

The bar moves at a constant no-load speed, VB/Bl

 The Linear DC Motor under Loading

1. When the motor is loaded a force Fload is

applied in direction opposite to the direction
of motion.

2. The bar decelerates and slows down.

3. The induced voltage decreases and thus the

current increases.

4. Due to increased current Fnet is increased

until Fnet = Fload at lower speed.

5. An electric power eindi is now being

converted to mechanical power Findv, and
machine is acting as a motor.

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The Linear DC Motor
under no Load under Loading
 The Linear DC Motor Starting Problem
• A linear DC Machine shown in the Figure
is supplied by a 250- V DC source, and its
internal resistance R is given by 0.10 Ω.

• The resistance R models the internal

resistance of the DC machine, and this is
fairly reasonable internal resistance for a
medium size dc motor.

VB 250
istart    2500 A
R 0.1

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Linear DC Machine as a Generator
• A force Fapp is applied in the
direction of motion of the
conductor.

• The bar speeds up.

• The voltage eind = vBl increases.
• The current increases i = (eind -VB)/R
• The induced force Find = ilB increases until |Find|=|Fapp| at a higher speed v.
• An amount of mechanical power equal to Findv is now being converted to
electric power eindi and the machine is acting as a generator.

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Home Work
Example 1-10

Read Section 1.9

REAL, REACTIVE, AND APPARENT
POWER IN AC CIRCUITS

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???