2 MAJOR DIVISIONS OF

LITERATURE
1. Prose- Written in ordinary
form
2. Poetry-Written in verse
 POETRY
1.Narrative Poetry
2.Lyric Poetry
3.Dramatic Poetry
 POETRY
1.Narrative Poetry
A. Epic
B. Metrical Romance
C. Ballad
D. Metrical Tale
 POETRY
2. Lyric Poetry
A. Ode
B. Elegy
C. Song
D. Simple Lyric
E. Sonnet
 POETRY
3. Dramatic Poetry
A. Poetic Plays B. Masque
1.) Comedy C. Dramatic
2.) Tragedy Monologue
3.) Farce
4.) Historical Play
5.) Melodrama
 PROSE
1. Essay
2. Fiction
3. Prose Drama
4. Non-fiction
 PROSE
1.Essay
A. Reflective E. Nature
B. Narrative or Story F. Critical
C. Descriptive G. Periodical
D. Biographical H. Didactic
 PROSE
2. Fiction
A. Prose Allegory E. Folk Tales
1. Parable F. Fairy Tales
2. Fable G. Novel
B. Legends I. Short Story
C. Myths J. Novelettes
D. Prose Romance K. Satire
 PROSE
3. Prose Drama
A. Comedy F. Closet Drama
B. Tragedy G. Tragicomedy
C. Melodrama H. Comedy of
D. Farce Manners
E. Historical Play I. Comedia del
l’arte
 PROSE
4. Non-fiction
A. Biography and Autobiography
B. Letters, Diaries, Journals
C. Book Review
D. Literary Criticism
E. Scientific and Current Publications
 Sonnet 71
No longer mourn for me when I am dead
Than you shall hear the surly sullen bell
Give warning to the world that I am fled
From this vile world with vilest worms to dwell; 
Nay, if you read this line, remember not
The hand that writ it; for I love you so, 
That I in your sweet thoughts would be forgot, 
If thinking on me then should make you woe.
 Sonnet 71
O, if (I say) you look upon this verse, 
When I (perhaps) compounded am with clay,
Do not so much as my poor name rehearse,
But let your love even with my life decay,
Lest the wise world should look into your moan, 
And mock you with me after I am gone.
 How do I love thee
How do I love thee? Let me count the ways,
I love thee to the depth and breath and height
My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight
For the ends of Being and ideal Grace.
I love thee to the level of everyday’s
Most quiet need, by sun and candlelight.
I love thee freely, as men strive for Right;
I love thee purely as they turn from Praise.
 How do I love thee
I love thee with the passion put to use
In my old griefs, and with my childhood’s faith.
I love thee with the love I seemed to lose
With my lost saints – I love thee with the
breath,
Smiles, tears of all my life! – and, if God
choose,
I shall but love thee better after death.
 Ang Aking Pag-ibig
Ibig mong mabatid,mong malaman
Kung paano kita pinakamamahal?
Tuturan kong lahat ang mga paraan.
Iisa-isahin ikaw ang bumilang?

Iniibig kita ng buong taimtim,

Sa tayog at saklaw ay walang kahambing,
Lipad ng kalul’wang ibig na marating
Ang dulo ng hindi maubos-isipin.
 Ang Aking Pag-ibig
Yaring pag-ibig kong katugon, kabagay
Ng kailangan mong kaliit-liitan,
Laging nakahandang pag-utus-utusan,
Maging sa liwanag, maging sa karimlan.

Kasinlaya ito ng mga lalaking

Dahil sa katwira’y hindi paaapi,
Kasingwagas ito ng mga bayaning
Marunong umingos sa mga papuri.
 Ang Aking Pag-ibig
Pag-ibig ko’y isang matinding damdamin
Tulad ng lumbay kong di makayang bathin
Noong ako’y isang musmos pa sa turing
Na ang pananalig ay di pasusupil.

Yaring pag-ibig ko ay siyang lahat na,

Ngiti luha, buhay at aking hininga:
Kung sa Diyos naman ay ipagtalaga,
Malibing ma’y lalong iibigin ka.
  
 Richard Cory by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went down town,

We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown,
Clean favored, and imperially slim.
And he was always quietly arrayed,
And he was always human when he talked;
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
"Good-morning," and he glittered when he walked.
And he was rich—yes, richer than a king—
And admirably schooled in every grace:
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.
So on we worked, and waited for the light,
And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
"Ang literatura ay isa sa mga pinakamalaking
pwersa ng kasaysayan. Maraming nabago sa
isang kasaysayan dahil may nabasa kang isang
libro. Walang sibilisasyong naging dakila dahil
wala siyang manunulat.
Kung gusto mong pag-aralan ang sibilisasyon ng
isang partikular na bansa, ang kaniyang
pantasya, mga panaginip at kaniyang suliranin,
basahin mo ang kaniyang Panitikan."
— Eros Atalia III
 ELEMENTS OF A STORY
1. Plot
2. Character
3. Setting
4. Point of View
5. Symbolism
6. Style
7. Theme
 LITERARY APPROACHES
1. Literary or Formalistic Approach
2. Psychological Approach
3. Sociological Approach
4. Historical Approach
5. Moralistic Approach
6. Impressionistic Approach
TITLE AUTHOR

SHORT
1. THE LIFE OF CARDO
STORIES
AMADOR T. DAGUIO
2. RITUAL CIRILO F. BAUTISTA
3. THE VISITATION OF THE GILDA CORDERO-
GODS FERNANDO
4. THE FENCE JOSE GARCIA VILLA
5. CHILDREN OF THE CITY AMADIS MA. GUERRERO
6. THE HOUSE ON ZAPOTE NICK JOAQUIN
STREET
7. DEAD STARS PAZ MARQUEZ-BENITEZ
8. MAY DAY EVE QUIJANO DE MANILA
 What is
Philosophy?
 What is Philosophy?
- Love of wisdom
- The search for the ultimate truth or reality.
-The investigation of the principles that regulate
the universe and underlie all reality.
-The study of the processes governing thoughts
and conduct.
What is the meaning of
School of Thought?
What is the meaning of School of Thought?

The media, ways or manners

by which a literary person
expresses his thoughts,
feelings and actions.
School Of Philosophy Literary
Thought Tendencies
Idealism The objects of perceptions
are actually ideas of the
Affirms the value of
imagination/ “Impractical
perceiving mind and it is Vision”
impossible to know whether
reality exists apart from the
mind

Realism Material objects exist in

themselves apart from the
mind’s consciousness of
them.
The natural world is the
Naturalism whole of reality.
Adherence to traditional
Classicism standards of beauty, balance,
proportion and simplicity.
The tendency to face facts/
The depiction of people and
things as they really are.
Faithful adherence to nature
and life
The classics of Greece and
Rome

Romanticism Adherence to individualism,

imagination and innovation
It emphasizes on
imagination, emotion, love
and individualism
 I WILL BREAK GOD’S SEAMLESS SKULL
JOSE GARCIA VILLA
I will break God’s seamless skull,
And I will break His kissless mouth,
O I’ll break out of His faultless shell
And fall me upon Eve’s gold mouth.

I will pound against His skull,

I will crack it by my force of love:
I’ll be a cylone gale and spill
Me out of his bounding groove.

I’ll be upon Eve, upon Eve,

Upon Eve and her coat of love!
I’ll be upon Eve, upon Eve.

Cataract of Adamhood. There would I be

My Lord there would I rebuild me thee
There alone find my Finality.
 WHEN THE WORLD SHALL COME TO ITS END
When the world shall come to its end
On the world’s last Love I’ll stand.
O God will try to push me down but I
With all my force will push Him back.

He shall not be able to put out Love at all.

O I’ll guard it, guard it, guard it!
And the world cannot die with Love glowing, burning,
O the world cannot die at all.

Doomsday will be shattered, shattered!

Shattered by my standing there:
God will see whom He is contending with
And, O, He’ll resolve the world again.
 I CAN NO MORE HEAR LOVE’S
I can no more hear Love’s
Voice. No more moves
The mouth of her. Birds
No more sing. Words
I speak return lonely.
Flowers I pick turn ghostly.
Fire that I burn glows
The wind. Time tells
No more truth. Bells
Ring no more in me.
I am alone singly.
Lonely rests my head.
-O my God! I am dead.
 I WAS NOT YOUNG LONG: I MET THE SOUL
EARLY
I was not young long ago: I met the soul early:
Who took me to God at once: and, seeing
God the Incomparable Sight, I knelt my body

Humbly: whereupon God saw the star upon

My brow: stooped to kiss it: O then the
Blinding radiance there! Explosion of all

My earthness: sparks flying till I was all

Embers: long, long did God hold me: till
He rose and bade me to rise saying: Now

Go back. Now go back where you came.

Go back: Understanding is yours now, Only
Beware: beware! Since you and God have lovered.
 SONNET
Since the virtue of my mind are compacted true,
Though this mind stand heretic, unfriended and alone,
Its shape can never perish to a skeleton.
Yea, though tongues mislabel and minds misconstrue,
This mind shall itself and its light not rue:
There directs in it an Element superior to bone,
And its Time and Death in vain for it shall sue.
If I am cancer to your minds ‘tis by this element;
If to your natures I move counter and dissimilar
And upon your safeties and dieties make war,
‘Tis by this element decree-without veilment:
Since that this Element wars not upon you alone
But also upon this very skull, its very own.
 GOD SAID, ‘’I MADE A MAN’’
God said “I made a man
Out of clay-
But so bright, he spun
Himself to brightest Day
Till he was all shining gold,
And oh,
He was lovely to behold!
But in his hands held he a bow
Aimed at me who created
Him, And I said,
“Wouldst murder me
Who am thy Fountainhead”
 GOD SAID, ‘’I MADE A MAN’’
Then spoke he the man of gold:
“I will not
Murder thee! I do but
Measure thee. Hold

Thy peace.” And this I did.

But I was curious
Of this so regal head.
‘Give thy name’- ‘Sir! Genius’.”