8 MODULE

WEEK 13
RUDDER
AND
PROPELLER
 RUDDE
R
 Rudders are a means of
directional control of ship
 Rudders are fitted at aft end
because:
 RUDDE
R
a. Driven benefit of
increased water velocity
induced by the propeller-
esp. at low speed.
 RUDDE
R
b. To create where the maximum
distance from the ships neutral
point where lateral force does not
cause ship to deviate from a
constant direction. Neutral point is
forward of midship.
 RUDDE
Neutral point isR
the point in the length of
the ship at which an applied force (lateral)
DOES NOT cause the ship to deviate from
a constant direction.
Generally, neural point is forward of
midship. Hence rudder is most effective
when located aft, and it gives maximum
turning effect.
 RUDDE
R of rudder is
 Size and shape
consist by:
 Shape and type of stern
 Area of rudder deemed
necessary
 Capacity of steering gear
 Service condition of ship
 RUDDE
THE RATIO ROF THE DEPTH TO
WIDTH OF A THE RUDDER IS
KNOWN AS THE ASPECT RATIO
AND ITS VALUE IS GENERALLY 2.
HIGH ASPECT RATIO IS USED IN
LARGE VESSELS, WHERE DEPTH IS
NOT A CONSTRAINT. HIGHER
ASPECT RATIO REDUCES THE
ASTERN TORQUE CONSIDERABLY.
 RUDDE
R
 THE ASPECT RATIO =
(DEPTH OF THE
RUDDER/WIDTH OF
RUDDER)
 RUDDE
R ON THE RUDDER
 THE FORCE
DEPEND ON:
1. AREA OF THE RUDDER
2. THE FORM OF RUDDER
3. THE SPEED OF THE SHIP
4. THE ANGLE OF HELM
 RUDDE
R
 
FORCE ACTING ON THE
RUDDER,
F=k A
 RUDDE
R
 
M = (0.195+ 0.305 sin)L
 THREE TYPES OF RUDDERS
01 02 03

SEMI
UN BALANCED
BALANCE
BALANCED
D RUDDER RUDDER
RUDDER
 RUDDE
R
Types of rudder – the main purpose of balancing
rudder is to achieve the reduction in the torque
required of the steering gear.
Balanced – a portion of the blade area is disposed
symmetrically through the rudder height and
forward of stock.
Unbalance - Blade is entirely aft of stock
Semi- balanced area forward of stock does not
extend to the full height of the blade aft of the
stock – upper portion may be considered
unbalanced and the lower portion, balanced.
  Full area aft of the axis.
 Fitted with upper, mid and lower arms rested on
gudgeons.
 At the bearing pintle fitted with hard steel disc
and locking nut.
 The ordinary pintle arranged with bush and
locking nut and locking pintle at the top part of
the rudder secured by locking nut.
 Turn on pintles and have a small portion of their
lateral area forward of the turning axis (less than
20%).
 Commonly fitted on twin screw vessels where
most of it hinged on the body post by pintles and
OLD FASHIONED/ gudgeons.
UNBALANCED
RUDDER
 Which are very
common today. Have
less than 20% of the
lateral area forward
of the axis .
Modern ships use
SEMI-BALANCED this design of rudder.
RUDDER
 Axle fitted at its turning axis with
large area forward of the axis (25% to
30%).
Upper and lower bearing are fitted in
the rudder.
The bearing consists of a stainless
steel bush in the rudder and a stainless
steel line on the axle.
The stainless steel bush is spirally
grooved to permit lubricant.
Other materials are in use, such as gun
BALANCED metal for liner and lignum vitae or
RUDDER tufnol for the bush.
 RUDDER

HOW DOES A RUDDER

HELP IN TURNING SHIP?
THEORY OF
STEERING
 THEORY OF
STEERING

LATERAL
FORCE
THEORY OF
STEERING
TRANSVERSE
Bodily motion
THEORY OF
STEERING
Pivot point
THEORY OF
STEERING
Pivot point
THEORY OF
STEERING
Pivot point
THEORY OF
STEERING
THEORY OF
STEERING
 THEORY OF
STEERING

Velocity Decrease
Pressure Increase

Velocity Increase
Pressure Decrease
 THEORY OF
STEERING

Velocity Decrease
Pressure Increase

Force (f)
Velocity Increase
Pressure Decrease
 THEORY OF
STEERING

Center of effort Lift force

Drag Force (F)

force
THEORY OF
STEERING
THEORY OF
STEERING

Torque = Fxd
THEORY OF
STEERING
PROPELLER
 PROPELLER
 A marine propeller is
propulsion device which
converts the power
transmitted from the engine
into a thrust force to propel
the vessel.
 CHARACTERISTICS
 PROPELLER
It consists of a number of identical twisted blades
usually 3-5 equally spaced around the hub or boss.
The bud or boss is mounted on the propeller shaft.
The hub of the propeller is fitted at one end of the
propeller shaft by means of a nut.
 CHARACTERISTICS
PROPELLER
 Propeller is made up
of mainly manganese
bronze, stainless steel
and phosphorus
bronze.
 The purposed of the propeller

 is to convert the power of the

main engine into thrust
(pushing force).
 DIAMETER
 The measurement
of two times the Propeller hub

distance from the

centerline of the Blade tip

hub to the tip of

one blade
propeller.
 DIAMETER
 "Diameter is determined primarily by
the rpm at which the propeller Propeller
will be hub

turning and the amount of power that

will be delivered to the propeller“ Blade tip

-Mercury Marine's manual

 PITCH OF THE
PROPELLER
 Pitch of the propeller is the apparent distance moved
by the propeller on its axis on one rotation of the
propeller.
 SLIP
 The difference between the distances a propeller
should travel and the distance it actually travels
in one complete revolution. It is expressed as a
percentage.
 SLIP
Formula:
Engine distance = Pitch X RPM X 60 X 24 / 1852.
Example:- During 24 hrs of a period ship's propeller shaft was observed to
turn 87 RPM. the pitch of the propeller was 3.8 m. the observed ships speed
over ground was 10 knts. Calculate the value of the propeller slip during this
period. ( A nautical mile equals 1852 m.)
Soln: Slip (percent) = Engine distance - ship's distance/ Engine's distance X
100.
Engine distance = Pitch X RPM X 60 X 24 / 1852.
= (3.8 X 87 X 60 X 24)/1852
=257.054.
Ship's distance = 24 X 10
= 240.
Therefore slip = (257.054-240)/257.054 x 100
= +6.6%
 PROPELLER SPEED
 When the vessel is
moving ahead the
propeller exerts pressure
on the water to create the
forward motion.
 PITCH OF THE
PROPELLER
Controllable Pitch Propeller (CPP)
 PITCH OF THE
PROPELLER
Controllable Pitch Propeller (CPP)
TYPES OF PROPELLER

 Classification by
Number of Blades
Attached:
 PROPELLER SPEED
 When the vessel is
moving ahead the
propeller exerts pressure
on the water to create the
forward motion.
 Types of Propeller

 Classification by
Number of Blades
Attached:
 3 blade propeller
 *The manufacturing cost is lower than other types
*Are normally made up of aluminium alloy.
*Gives a good high-speed performance.
*The acceleration is better than other types.
*Low-speed handling is not much efficient.
 4 blade propeller
 *The manufacturing cost is higher than 3 blade propellers.
*4 blade propellers are normally made up of stainless steel alloys.
*Have better strength and durability.
*Gives good low-speed handling and performance.
*Has a better holding power in rough seas.
*4 blade propeller provides a better fuel economy than all the
other type
 5 blade propeller
 *Manufacturing cost is higher of all.
*Vibration is minimal from all the other types.
*5 blade propellers have better holding power in rough seas.
 Large container ships are
mainly fitted with 5 or 6-
bladed propellers.
 6 blade propeller
 *Manufacturing cost is high
*Vibration is minimal from all the other types.
*6 blade propellers have better holding power in rough seas.
*With six blade propeller, the induced pressure field over the

propeller decreases
 Large container ships are
mainly fitted with 5 or 6-
bladed propellers.
 Propeller cavitation
 A phenomenon called cavitation occurs under certain
conditions during the rotation of the propeller wherein
cavities (bubbles) are formed in contact with the
propeller blades reducing its thrust and thereby, reducing
the ship speed.
 APPARENT SLIP

 Difference
between the speed
of the stream and
speed of the ship.
 TRUE SLIP
 Difference between
speed at which the water
is fed to the propeller
and which it is projected
at the stern.
TRUE and APPARENT
SLIP
 SPECIAL TYPE OF CONTROLLABL
PROPELLER E PITCH
FIXED PITCH
PROPELLER

THREE TYPES OF
PROPELLER
 FIXED PITCH
PROPELLER
 Simplest of the propeller
designs.
CONTROLLABLE
PITCH
 Propeller/Variable
Pitch Propeller
Blades are adjustable
 SPECIAL TYPE OF
PROPELLER
VOITH SCHREIDER PROPELLER

Rotating axis
perpendicular to th
direction of fluid
motion.
 SPECIAL TYPE OF
PROPELLER
KORT NOZZLE PROPELLER
Is a marine
propeller fitted
with a non-
rotating nozzle.
 PROPELLER BLADES 2
COMPONENTS/PARTS

FORE AND ATHWARTSHIP

AFT ONE
DEAD IN THE WATER

Ship unable
to move
TWIN SCREW
(PROPELLER)

Having
two
propeller