CHAPTER 4: MIGRATION

OBJECTIVES

- Understand key concepts and theories in migration

- Remember the measurement of migration
- Analyze the consequences of migration on socio-economic
development.
- Understand concept of urbanization, causes of urbanization
 CONTENTS

• MIGRATION
1

• URBANIZATION
2
 1. MIGRATION

Some concepts in migration

Types of migration

Measuring Migration

Why do people migrate?

Who migrate?

Consequences of migration
 1.1. SOME CONCEPTS

 Migration refers to the physical relocation of persons involving

intended permanent change in residence (household registration book).
Permanent change in residence implies that the persons or households
in question intend to stay in their new residences for some period of
time.
 A residence is defined as the place where a person usually sleeps and
eats.
 1.2. TYPES OF MIGRATION

 International migration & internal migration

- International migration refers tothe movement across national
boundaries
+ Immigrants/Emigrants
+ Laws
- Internal migration refers to migration within the boundaries of a
given country
+ In-migrants/Out-migrants
 1.2. TYPES OF MIGRATION
 Legal immigration & illegal immigration
- Legal immigration: refers to those entering a country ith the formal
permisstion of that country
- Illegal immigration: are those who enter a country without proper legal
authorization
• Voluntary migration or Compulsory migration/planned migration
- Vo: people want to migrate because they want to look for job or need to
improve their income; old ppl move to live with children; some ppl move
to another area because of the climate (economic needs, retirement,
family reasons, weather,..)
- Co: result of political plans, political persecution, wars, famines, natural
disasters
- In VN: two main migration goals by the Government (before the year
1970): Red River Delta -> Highlands or Red River Delta -> Northern
midlands and Mountains
 1.2. TYPES OF MIGRATION

 Types of Internal migration

Rural - urban migration
Urban – rural migration
Urban - Urban migration
Rural – Rural Migration
 1.3. MEASURING MIGRATION

Net migration is a measure of the absolute difference between in-

migration and out-migration for an area over a given time period.
Two methods to calculate Net migration (NM)
 Balancing Equation Method
 Survival Ratio Method
Indicators of migration
 The rate of out-migration
 The rate of in-migration
 The net migration rate (NMR)
 1.3. MEASURING MIGRATION

 Balancing Equation Method

Population equation: Pt=P0 + B-D + I-O
I - O = (Pt – Po) – (B - D) = NM
 1.3. MEASURING MIGRATION
 
 Survival Ratio Method
Calculating NM by using the survival rate

NM: Net Migration from t to t+n

: Population in age x+n (or age group x+n) at time t+n
: Population in age x (or age group x) at time t
: The survival ratio (represents the probability of survival from
age x to x + n for a n-year period) (Hệ số sống)

: natural increase of population

 1.3. MEASURING MIGRATION

 Indicators
 The rate of out-migration: Tỉ suất nhập cư
OR = O/P *1000
 The rate of in-migration: Tỉ suất xuất cư
 IR =I/P *1000
 1.3. MEASURING MIGRATION

 Indicators
 The net migration rate (NMR) Tỉ suất di dân thuẩn túy
NMR = IR – OR.
NMR = NM/P *1000
Where P = (Po + Pt)/2
P0: Population at the beginning of the year
Pt: Population at the end of the year
 EXERCISE 1

The table below presents the population for the year 2009 and 2019
and the ten-year survival ratio for 5-year age
Age 2009 2019 5-year Survival Ratio
group Population Population
(x, x+n) (in person) (in person)
te
0-9 42000 66340 0.95
10-19 38000 40420 0.97

+n) at time t+n 20-29 35600 37200 0.92

at time t 30-39 32200 35080 0.91

ability of survival from 40-49 30000 31280 0.90
50-59 28600 27440 0.87
60-69 23800 23760 0.75
70+ 19800 24087 0.45
 EXERCISE

Annual births for the period 2009-2019 are 6000. The average
survival ratio of newborn cohorts is 0.95.
a. Calculate the net migration for the whole population and each
age group.
b. Calculate the net migration rate for the whole population and
each age group
c. Compare the age composition of population with and without
taking into account migration.
d. If you are a Healthcare service supplier, in what ways is the data
above important to you?
 1.4. WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?

• Push-pull theory
• Neo-classical theory
• New economics of migration theory
• Dual Labor Market theory (Labor Market segmentation theory)
• World Systems Theory
• Network theory & Systems theory
 1.5. WHO MIGRATE?

 Selectivity by Age:
Young adults are far more likely to migrate than people at any
other age: leave their parents’ home for studying, get a job, unmarried
 Selectivity by Life Cycle:
- Young adults will leave their parents’ home, establish an
independent household, get a job, marry, and have children
- Among young couples, the smaller the family and the younger the
children, the greater the probability of migration
- The elderly also migrates to rural areas or to hometown or move in
with their children
 1.5. WHO MIGRATE?

• Selectivity by Gender
In more developed countries, women have virtually the same
rates of migration as do men, reflecting increasing gender equity.
In less developed countries, men are more likely to outnumber
women among migrants in those areas of the world where the status of
women is lowest—Africa and Asia
 1.5. WHO MIGRATE?

 Selectivity by occupational skills or education attainment

- Unskilled and low-skilled workers : migrate from LDC to more
developed countries to look for unskilled jobs
- High- Skilled workers: mainly in technology field, migrate to
more developed countries which leads to brain drain in LDC.
 EXERCISE 2

 Name two countries or two areas between which people have

migrated. Explain the causes and consequences of the migration
based on the above theories. Using suitable data to specify your
ideas.
+ Overview of the home and host country/area and the
migration stream (data)
+ The causes of the migration (data) based on the
migration theories
 EXERCISE 2

+ The consequences of the migration : Impacts on home country (origin

country) and impacts on host country (destination country) (using
specific data to analyze the socio-economic impacts ), impacts on
migrants
 1.6. CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION

Internal migration
Impact of migration on rural places of origin
- The experiences, behaviors, and attitudes, money
- Greater autonomy for young women from highly traditional rural
societies
- A drain on human capital in rural areas (dependent upon migrant
wages)
- Remittances significantly improve the welfare of migrant
households (Basic consumption and spending on housing;
Investments in agricultural production and small businesses)
 1.6. CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION

International migration
• Demographic composition & Social Structure
• Remittances
 2. URBANIZATION

Definition of urban & urbanization

Causes of urbanization
 2.1. DEFINITION

 Urbanization is used to refer to the process whereby an increasing

proportion of a population comes to live in the urban sector (i.e.
urban areas, the towns)
 2.1. DEFINITION

Urban
It determines five groups of criteria to distinguish between cities
and rural areas:
(1) functions
(2) Population scale
(3) Population density
(4) Ratio of nonfarm employment;
(5) Having certain level of urban infrastructure and urban
landscape, depending on the each urban level.
By this classification, the urban areas in Vietnam are classified
into six urban levels including special cities (Hanoi and HCM city),
Class I to Class V
 2.1. DEFINITION

Special cities such as Hanoi and HCM city have to meet these specific criteria:
- Position, function, role as the Capital or national and international general center for
economy, finance, culture, education, training, tourism, health care, science and
technology, traffic hubs, domestic and international exchanges, have a role to promote
the socio-economic development of the whole country; Besides, the structure and level
of socio-economic development meet the specific criteria.
- The population of the whole urban center (peri-urban and inner city) will reach
5,000,000 or more; urban areas (inner city) will reach 3,000,000 or more people.
- The population density of the whole urban center will reach 3,000 people / km2 or
more; inner city area calculated on the area of ​urban construction land reaches 12,000
people / km2 or more.
- The percentage of non-agricultural labor in the whole urban area will reach 70% or
higher; 90% or more in urban areas.
- The level of development of urban infrastructure, architecture and landscape meets the
specific criteria.
 2.2. CAUSES OF URBANIZATION

 Structural change in the economy

- The movement of the labour force out of agriculture into industry
and (later) the service sector

 Out-migration from rural areas

 EXERCISE 3

Name an urban area where there has been recent development.

Describe how the urban area has been changed through development.
Explain why this change has happened and comment on the
sustainability of the change.