Infrastructure Services

Chapter 8
Current Health Care Spending
• Total: Rs 152 billion (2% of GDP)
• Or about USD 17 per capita
• Government contribution is about a quarter
• Reflects only about a 50% increase over the past 15 years (when
adjusted for inflation and population growth)

• Where it goes
• Government: prevention, curative care and infrastructure
• Private sector and NGOs: mostly curative care
The Current Government Setup
Policy
Federal Budget
Surveillance
M&E

Oversigh
Funds

Reportin
t

g
Direct Oversight
Provincial M&E

Oversigh
Funds

Reportin
t

g
Direct Implementation
District M&E
 Current System and Restraints
• Limited revenue collection (<15% of GDP)
• Limited revenue collection by provincial or district governments
• Distinction between recurrent and development budgets,
sometimes with management of each with different
departments/ Within sub-units (eg hospitals) different things are
paid from different funding sources/ Inequality
• Under utilization of allocated funds/ Misallocation
• Inefficiency
• Exploding costs
Why health matters: Economic Significance
• Gains in workers productivity
• Improved utilization of natural resources
• Benefits in next generation through education
• Reduced cost of medical care
• Health investment and poverty
Major Diseases & Treatment
• Cardiovascular Diseases
• Cancer
• Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
• Tuberculosis control program
• Leprosy control program
Education
• Expenditure on education is quite small as compared to other sector

Role of education in economic development:

1. Elementary education for the masses leads to great economic gains
2. Scientific knowledge itself is a basis for improvement of techniques
of production in many industries in the contemporary world
3. A sharp rise in quality of education produces economic returns
4. High literacy rate leads to high per capita income.
Pakistan’s Education Structure
Four-tiered educational structure:
1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Intermediate & degree Education is provincial subject,
4. University federal government provides much
of the development finance, policy
formulation and coordination in
education.
Development of Science & Technology & its
Problems
1. Quality manpower
2. Conductive environment for creative work
3. Institutional infrastructure
4. Adequate financing
Transport & importance
• Transport is civilization

• Common modes of transport are

• Rail
• Roads
• Marine(Sea) and
• Air transport
 Road
• The most Important sector of Infrastructure, Rapid Eco. Development & well being
depends on Road networks, Road network (96% inland freight & 92% passenger
traffic), Easy access to remote areas (63% of Population), Total Road network of
Pakistan 263,415 km. (9,324 km National Highways & 2,280 km Motorways,
• National Highway Authority (NHA) is playing an important role, Current network of
NHA 12131 k.m. (33 national highways, motorways, strategic roads).
• Metro bus at Lahore-Govt. of Punjab started Mass transit system in Feb. 2013,
Punjab metro bus Authority authorized its construction with technical help of
Turkish firm, Project Cost ( 30 Billion), Metro Bus System facilitates passengers from
Gajjumata to Shahdara on 27 stations, 64 articulated buses operate in 27 k.m, 1500
jobs created & 120,000 passengers are facilitated everyday.
 Rail Transport
• Came into existense on 13 May 1861, when Karachi & Kotri linked with a rail
• In 1947, North Western Railway was transferred to Pakistan, on 1961 it was
renamed Pakistan Western Railways and in May 1974 Pakistan Railways.
• At Present Main factors for Increase in Operational Expenditures is Over
aged Infrastructure, Rolling stock, & fuel prices.
• Its policies are designed by railway Board Headquarter Islamabad.
• Railway is operated on divisional system
Air Transport
• Pakistan International Airline-Public Sector
• Shaheen Air line-Private Sector
• Air Blue-Private Airline
Ports & Shipping
• Major Sea Ports:
• Karachi Port Trust
• Port Qasim
• Gwader Port
• Fish Harbour-cum-mini Ports:
• Gwadar
• Keti Bunder
• Pakistan National shipping
Corporation (PNSC)-serve as an
operating link with the major
trading partners of the country,
maintain and stabilize the freight
rates and serve as a strategic link
in case of emergencies. It
handles all types of cargoes.
COMMUNICATION
Means of Communication in 1. Television
Pakistan are: 2. Satellite
1. Postal services
2. Telegraph and telephone Pakistan Telecommunication
services Authority: established in 1997, to
3. Radio regulate the establishment,
operation and maintenance of
telecommunication systems and
the provision of telecom services
and to protects interest of
telecommunication service
providers and users.
 Energy
• Sources of Supply of • Generation by • Alternative sources:
Energy: companies: • Bio-diesel
• Crud oil • WAPDA • Bio gas
• Petroluem • KESC • Small dams
• Natural gas • IPPs • Solar energy
• Hydel • Nuclear
• coal
• Nuclear
References
• Chapter 8-infrastructure services I
• Chapter 9-infrastructure services II