Chapter

3-1
 Chapter 3:
Data Modeling

Introduction

An Overview of Databases
Steps in Developing a Database Using
Resources, Events and Agents Model

Normalization

Chapter
3-2
 Introduction

Uses of a modern AIS

 Systematically record data

 Provide convenient and useful formats

 Easy access to information

Chapter
3-3
 What is a Database?

Collection of organized data

Used by many different computer

applications

Manipulated by database management

systems (DBMS)
Chapter
3-4
 Significance of a Database

Critical information
Volume
Distribution
Privacy
Irreplaceable data
Need for accuracy
Internet uses
Chapter
3-5
 Storing Data in Databases

Data must be stored and organized

systematically

Three important concepts:

 Data hierarchy
 Record structures
 Database keys

Chapter
3-6
 Data Hierarchy

Data organization in ascending order:

Data field
Record
File
Database

Chapter
3-7
 Record Structures

Data fields in each record of a database table

Structure is usually fixed
Example

Chapter
3-8
 Database Keys

Primary Key
Unique to each record

Foreign Keys
Enable referencing of one or more records
Matches primary key of related table

Chapter
3-9
Records Combined Into
Report

Chapter
3-10
 Additional Database Issues

Administration
 Database Administrator

Documentation
 Includesa variety of descriptions
 Structures, Contents, Security Features
 Data Dictionary
 Metadata
Chapter
3-11
Data Dictionary Example

Chapter
3-12
 Additional Database Issues

Data Integrity
 Data Integrity controls
 Designed by database developers

Processing Accuracy and Completeness

 Transaction controls
 Ensures accurate transaction processing

Chapter
3-13
 Additional Database Issues

Concurrency
 Concurrency controls
 Prevent multi-user access at same time

Backup and Security

 Abilityto recreate data
 Prevent unauthorized access
 View controls
Chapter
3-14
 Study Break #1

The part of the data hierarchy that represents one instance of

an entity is a:

A. Field
B. Record
C. File
D. Database

Chapter
3-15
 Study Break #1 - Answer

The part of the data hierarchy that represents one instance of

an entity is a:

A. Field
B. Record
C. File
D. Database

Chapter
3-16
 Study Break #2

Within the context of databases, the term “concurrency” refers

to the possibility that:

A. A customer of one store might also be a customer of another

store
B. Two database users might want to access the same record at
the same time
C. A credit entry for a customer requires a debit entry for a
matching account
D. None of these
Chapter
3-17
 Study Break #2 - Answer

Within the context of databases, the term “concurrency” refers

to the possibility that:

A. A customer of one store might also be a customer of another

store
B. Two database users might want to access the same record at
the same time
C. A credit entry for a customer requires a debit entry for a
matching account
D. None of these
Chapter
3-18
 REA Model

Resources
 Organization’s assets
Events
 Activities associated with a business processes
Agents
 People associated with business activities

Chapter
3-19
 Steps in Developing
Databases with REA

Identify Business and Economic Events

Identify Entities

Identify Relationships Among Entities

Chapter
3-20
 Steps in Developing
Databases with REA

Create Entity-Relationship Diagrams

Identify Attributes of Entities

Convert E-R Diagrams into Database Tables

Chapter
3-21
 Identify Events and Entities

Types of Events
 Business
 Economic

Types of Database Entities

 Entities
 Agents
 Resources

Chapter
3-22
Entity Examples

Chapter
3-23
 Identify Relationships
Among Entities

Types of Relationships
 Direct relationship
 Indirect relationship

Cardinalities
 Nature of relationships among entities

Chapter
3-24
 Cardinality Relationships

Notations
 One-to-one (1:1)
 One-to-many (1:N)
 Many-to-many (N:N)

Purpose
 Occurrence of one entity
 Associated with occurrence of one event of another entity

Chapter
3-25
Cardinality Relationships

Chapter
3-26
Entity-Relationship Diagram

Purpose
 Diagram entities
 Relationships among entities

Structure
 Rectanglesrepresent entities
 Connecting lines represent relationships

Chapter
3-27
E-R Diagram Example

Chapter
3-28
 Relationship Tables

Provide greater flexibility

Need for Relationship Tables

 Linkingtables with foreign keys
 Many-to-many relationships

Chapter
3-29
Relationship Tables

Chapter
3-30
Schematic of Database Tables

Chapter
3-31
 Study Break #3

In the REA model, the “A” stands for:

A. Agents
B. Additions
C. Accounts
D. Associations

Chapter
3-32
 Study Break #3 - Answer

In the REA model, the “A” stands for:

A. Agents
B. Additions
C. Accounts
D. Associations

Chapter
3-33
 Study Break #4

Which of these is not a cardinality between two database

entities?

A. One-to-one
B. None-to-none
C. One-to-many
D. Many-to-many

Chapter
3-34
 Study Break #4 - Answer

Which of these is not a cardinality between two database

entities?

A. One-to-one
B. None-to-none
C. One-to-many
D. Many-to-many

Chapter
3-35
 Normalization

Normalization
 Methodology ensuring attributes are stored in most
appropriate tables
 Design promotes accuracy
 Avoids redundancy of data storage

Levels
 First normal form
 Second normal form
 Third normal form
Chapter
3-36
Unnormalized Data

Chapter
3-37
 First Normal Form

In First Normal Form (1 NF) when:

 Alldata fields are singular
 Each attribute has one value

Problems
 Data redundancy
 Insertion anomaly
 Deletion anomaly
Chapter
3-38
First Normal Form Example

Chapter
3-39
 Second Normal Form

In Second Normal Form (2 NF) when:

 Itis in 1 NF
 All data items depend on primary record key

Benefits
 More efficient design
 Eliminates data redundancy

Chapter
3-40
Second Normal Form
Example

Chapter
3-41
 Third Normal Form

In Third Normal Form (3 NF) when:

 Itis in 2 NF
 Does not contain transitive dependencies
 Data field A does not determine data field B

Ultimate Goal
 Create database in 3 NF
Chapter
3-42
Third Normal Form Example

Chapter
3-43
 Study Break #5

A database is in third normal form (3NF) if it is second normal

form and:

A. All the data attributes in a record are well defined

B. All the data attributes in a record depend on the record key
C. The data contain to transitive dependencies
D. The data can be stored in two or more separate tables

Chapter
3-44
 Study Break #5 - Answer

A database is in third normal form (3NF) if it is second normal

form and:

A. All the data attributes in a record are well defined

B. All the data attributes in a record depend on the record key
C. The data contain to transitive dependencies
D. The data can be stored in two or more separate tables

Chapter
3-45
 Copyright

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Chapter
3-46
Chapter 3

Chapter
3-47