SUMMER

INTERNSHIP
PROGRAM
(WEEK 4)
PRESENTED BY :
SHREYA GAUR
 SQL
(STRUCTUR
ED QUERY
LANGUAGE)
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 Oracle Basic Data Types:

✗ CHAR(size)
✗ VARCHAR(size)/ VARCHAR2(size)
✗ DATE – standard format is DD-MON-YY
✗ NUMBER(P, S)
✗ LONG
✗ RAW/ LONG RAW

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 Components of SQL:

✗ DDL – Data Definition Language

✗ DML – Data Manipulation Language
✗ DCL – Data Control Language
✗ DQL – Data Query Language

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 ✗ DDL – Data Definition Language: It is a set of SQL commands used to
create, modify and delete database structures but not data.
 CREATE
 ALTER
 DROP
 TRUNCATE

Syntax:
CREATE TABLE <table_name>
(<column_name1> <datatype>(<size>), <column_name2> <datatype>(<size>));

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 ✗DML – Data Manipulation Language
 INSERT
 UPDATE
 DELETE

Syntax:
INSERT INTO <table_name> (<columnname1>, <columnname2>)
VALUES (<expression1>, <expression2>);

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✗ DCL – Data Control Language
 COMMIT
 SAVEPOINT
 ROLLBACK
 GRANT/ REVOKE

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✗DQL – Data Query Language
 SELECT

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 Displaying the TABLE Structure

DESCRIBE Command:
✗ Display information about the columns defined in a table

Syntax:
DESCRIBE <table_name>;
OR
DESC <table_name>;

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 SQL: SELECT statement – with where
clause
Selected Columns & Selected Rows:
SYNTAX

SELECT <column1>, <column2> FROM table_name WHERE <condition>

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 SQL Constraints
✘ SQL constraints are used to specify rules for the data in a table.
✘ Constraints are used to limit the type of data that can go into a table. This ensures
the accuracy and reliability of the data in the table. If there is any violation
between the constraint and the data action, the action is aborted.
✘ Constraints can be column level or table level. Column level constraints apply to a
column, and table level constraints apply to the whole table.

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The Following Constraints Are Commonly
Used In SQL:
✘ NOT NULL
✘ UNIQUE 
✘ PRIMARY KEY
✘ FOREIGN KEY
✘ CHECK
✘ DEFAULT
✘ CREATE INDEX

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Pl/SQL
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PL/SQL is a combination of SQL along with the
procedural features of programming languages. It
was developed by Oracle Corporation in the early
90's to enhance the capabilities of SQL. PL/SQL is
one of three key programming languages embedded
in the Oracle Database, along with SQL itself and
Java. This tutorial will give you great understanding
on PL/SQL to proceed with Oracle database and
other advanced RDBMS concepts

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Features of PL/SQL:

PL/SQL has the following features −

PL/SQL is tightly integrated with SQL.
It offers extensive error checking.
It offers numerous data types.
It offers a variety of programming structures.
It supports structured programming through
functions and procedures.
It supports object-oriented programming.
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 How to declare variable in PL/SQL

Following is the syntax for declaring variable:

variable_name [CONSTANT] datatype [NOT NULL] [:= | 
DEFAULT initial_value]

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 OUTPUT:
Example of initilizing Value of c: 70  
Value of f: 33.333333333333333333  
variable   
Let's take a simple example to explain it well: PL/SQL procedure successfully comp
leted.
DECLARE  
   a integer := 30;  
   b integer := 40;  
   c integer;  
   f real;  
BEGIN  
   c := a + b;  
   dbms_output.put_line('Value of c: ' || c);  
   f := 100.0/3.0;  
   dbms_output.put_line('Value of f: ' || f);  
END;

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THANKS!

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