SESSION 4:

Citation and Referencing

 Learning Objectives

• By the end of this session students should be able to:

• Define and explain the relationship between citation and
referencing.
• Outline the role of citation and reference in academic writing.
• Appreciate and differentiate between various reference styles
 Citation and Referencing
• The means by which an author communicates
to readers or audience the sources – books,
journals, Web pages referred to in their work.
• Also viewed as a reference to the source of
information used in one’s assignment write-up
or research
 When to Cite
• Whenever one directly quotes, paraphrases or
summarizes the essential elements of someone
else's idea in their work use in-text citation
• In-text citation is a brief notation within the text of
a paper referring to a fuller notation, or end-of-
paper citation providing all necessary details about
that source of information used in the text.
• Thus a reference is that fuller notation; “a mention
or citation of a source of information in a book or
article” Oxford English Dictionary
 Referencing Defined
• A standard way of acknowledging printed or
electronic sources of information and ideas
used in an assignment or research report, in a
way that uniquely identifies the sources
(Cleary, 2014).
 What To and What Not to Cite
• Direct quotations: to be enclosed in “quotations marks” and
used when the idea to be captured is best expressed by the
source. 
• Paraphrase or summarize:  involving rewording of an essential
idea from someone else's work, usually to either condense the
point or to make it better fit your writing style.
• Your own ideas should not be cited, unless they have been
published.
•  Common knowledge, or information that most people in your
audience would know without having to look it up should not be
cited.
 Why Reference Other Peoples Work
Cite sources accurately in order to:
• Giving credit to other authors’ concepts and
ideas thus acknowledgement
• To provide the reader with evidence of the
depth, scope and breath of your reading
• To enable the readers of your work to locate
the sources used easily thus permitting
verification of data by readers
 Why Reference… continued
• Support your arguments and give your work a
factual basis
• Demonstrate that you have carried out
necessary research
• Allowing readers to verify your data
• To avoid being accused of plagiarism
Thus protecting the written word
 Plagiarism
• Present as new and original an idea or product
derived from an existing source” – Longman
Dictionary of the English Language
• Put in other words, plagiarism is failure to
acknowledge, reference or cite sources that
supported your arguments in an academic writing
or presentations
• The material you use could be in various formats
such as text, sound, images, products, etc.
 Plagiarism
• Plagiarism is an academic theft, fraud, cheating-
often leading to loss of credibility, respect and
reputation
Often committed by such acts:
• Cutting and pasting texts or images from books,
reports, journal articles from online resources
without acknowledging the sources
 Plagiarism
• Quoting or clandestinely including the work of
others into your own work without
acknowledgements
• Using ideas of another person without
providing reference, even if you write them in
your own words
 Why Plagiarise
• A lack of knowledge regarding plagiarism
• A lack of knowledge regarding information on
the Internet
• A lack of confidence in one’s ability to write a
paper
• A lack of knowledge regarding citing sources
• Procrastination
 Note taking
• Keep track of everything you consult while you research your
piece of work
• Jot down all the details you will need to reference each source
in full before you begin taking notes
• Remember to write down the page numbers where your notes
and quotes are taken from
• The Library Catalogue is also a useful source of details needed
for referencing
 Citation Styles for Research Papers
• APA: psychology, education, social studies
• MLA: arts, humanities and literature
• AMA: biological sciences, health and medicine
• TURABIAN: College students for all subjects
• CHICAGO: used for all subjects
• HARVARD: universities, researchers, writers
as a whole
 Let’s Cite with Harvard Citation Style!
• Citing references in your text
When using Harvard, cited items are referred to
in the text of your work by giving the authors’
name, year of publication and page numbers. If
you are naming an author in your text, date and
page reference should be typed with brackets
around them as in this example below:
• Nkomo (2007, p 12) argued that…
 Examples of citations in this guide
This will show you how to cite a wide range of
resources using Harvard:-
Books Chapters from books
Journal articles Conference papers
Websites Newspaper articles
Theses Podcasts
Blogs Emails
Media Wikis
Capstone
 Citing references in your text

When using Harvard, cited items are referred to

in the text of your work by giving the authors’
name, year of publication and page numbers. If
you are naming an author in your text, date and
page reference should be typed with brackets
around them as in this example below:
• Nkomo (2007, p 12) argued that…
 Citing Refs continued

If you are only summarizing an argument or not referring to the

author directly you should place all the details in brackets as
below:
• In a recent study (Nkomo, 2007, p.12) it was argued that…
The author’s last names will appear in alphabetical order at the
end of your essay where you will give the full publication
details of references.
 Type of source you are citing
• You need to include the following information

• BOOK: Author, year, title, place of publication and publisher

• Example: Anderson, J., 2012. Computer auditing, 3rd ed.

London: Oxford University Press.
 HARVARD REFERENCING
• Earlier on I mentioned that Harvard Citation Style is mostly used in
universities, by researchers and by writers as a whole.

• We will choose Harvard Referencing for in-depth analysis as a way to

highlight the general principles in citing and referencing

• HARVARD SYSTEM
• It has two general principles

• Within the text In-Text citations

• At the end of the text List of References

 WITHIN THE TEXT >IN-TEXT CITATIONS
• You need threes elements of information about the source
within the text of your work

• Author(s)

• Year of publication

• Page number where the idea can be locate

 HARVARD IN-TEXT CITATION
• How to refer to sources in-text citation
• One Author
• Moyo (1992, p. 16) suggested that ‘…’
• In a recent study (Moyo1989) suggested that …
• TWO AUTHORS
• In a recent study (Gundidza & Mazvimba 2012) demonstrated how
herbs …
• Gundidza & Mazvimba (2012, p. 112) suggested that ‘…’
• THREE AUTHORS
• Jani,Mutanga & Urombo (2011, p. 120) stated that ‘…’
• In a study carried in 2011indicated that… (Jani, Mutanga & Urombo
2011).
 AT THE END OF THE TEXT->List of references
• At the end of your text you must list all sources that you have
cited in alphabetical order.
• A detailed list showing the following information about the
source:-
• ->Author(s)
• ->Year of publication
• ->Title of the source, edition where necessary
• ->Place of publication
• ->Publisher
 EXAMPLE: REFERENCE LIST
• Example: Anderson, J., 2012. Computer auditing, 3rd ed.
London: Oxford University Press.

• REFERENCE LIST: in the Harvard system is a single list of all

books, journal articles and other sources that you have
referred to throughout your text or work, arranged in an
alphabetical order.
 SHOULD I CITE WHEN
• Is it a quote?..............................

• Yes

• Cite it and place double quotation marks around the text

• Sanctions are “the result of regime change agenda which is

part of the West strategy to involve themselves in
Zimbabwean affairs”
 SHOULD I CITE WHEN
• Is it a paraphrase ?

• Yes

• Because those are not your original thoughts or ideas

 SHOULD I CITE WHEN
• Is it someone’s idea or theory?

• Yes

• Cite it because it is borrowed from someone’s theory or idea

 SHOULD I CITE WHEN
• Obama is the President of United States and Commander-in
Chief of the US Defense Forces

• No

• Generally there is no need to acknowledge or cite what is

regarded as common knowledge.
 WHEN TO QUOTE

• Direct quoting as opposed to summarising or paraphrasing.

• Paraphrasing or summarising demonstrates your
comprehension of the information and ability to apply it to
your own work.
• Prefer to paraphrase or summarise information from other
sources than to directly quoting it.
• You still have to cite your source
 Citing sources in your reference list
• For each type of material you cite you will need a slightly
different arrangement.
• Book
• AUTHOR(S), Year. Title. Edition – if not the 1st .Place of
publication: Publisher
• e.g. Gwarimbo, W. , 2009. Analysis of economic data. 2nd .
Harare: Mambo Press
 HOW DO YOU CITE ?
• Worldwide there are set rules and standards that are to be
followed if we are to understand each other.
• Standardization brings us together
• Imagine if there were no rules of the road ! Accidents would
be the order of the day
• Similarly citations and references should have some agreed
methods of presentation. The order in which elements are to
be listed, such as author, title, date, publications details, etc.
 Chapter from an edited book
• AUTHOR(S), Year. Title of chapter. In: AUTHOR(S)/EDITOR(S),
ed(s). Book title. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Pages.
(use p. or pp.)
• e.g. Chisunga, D. 2001, Forensic account. In: Gachira, W., ed.
Forensic Auditing. Harare: College Press, pp. 55
 Journal article
• AUTHOR(S), Year. Title of article. Title of journal, Vol. no.(Part
no./Issue/Month), Pages
• e.g. Mbengo, P. and Zimucha,T. 2011., Mobile banking in
Zimbabwe. Journal of financial marketing 46(3), 241 – 256.
 Website
• (Some websites do not have all the citation elements so cite all
the ones you can find)
• AUTHOR(S), Year. Title of document.[online]. Organization
responsible(optional). [date viewed]. Available from: web
address
• e.g. Chinamasa, P., 2013. Speech by the Minister of Finance at
Parliament. [online]. ZimParliament. Treasury, Harare.[viewed
12/07/2010] Available from:
http://www.ZimParliament.gov.ac.zw/speech 2010 retrieved
July 12th 2010
 Newspaper articles
• AUTHOR(S), Year. Newspaper title, Day and
Month(abbreviated), Pages, (use p. or pp.)
• e.g. Nyahada, M. The insti foods yorghurt goes on market.
Herald, 12 August, p. 8
 Papers in conference proceedings
• AUTHOR(S), Year. Title. In: EDITOR(S) Title of conference
proceedings. Place and date of conference(unless included in
title). Place of Publication: Publisher, Pages, use p. or pp.
• e.g. Kanhukamwe, Q.C., 1977. The performance concept in
building. In: Proceedings of 7th SME Congress, Harare ,
December 1997. Harare: Harare Institute of Technology, pp.
129 – 136.
 Theses and dissertations

• AUTHOR, Year. Title. Designation(Level, e.g. MSc, PhD.),

Institution.
• E.g. RUZANDE, C.T. 2002. A review of information security in
academic libraries in Zimbabwe. Unpublished thesis (PhD),
Harare Institute of Technology
 Social media citations
• Using social media in research assignments is a great way to
diversify your sources (just make sure the information is
authoritative and credible!).
• This guide outlines how to cite major types of social media,
including blog posts, YouTube, and Facebook and Twitter posts
in Harvard Style. Happy citing!
 Electronic messages from a public domain. e.g.
discussion boards or conferences
• AUTHOR(of message), Year. Title. In: Electronic conference or
bulletin board. [online]. [date viewed]. Available from: web
address.
• e.g. Moyo, D. 2006. Cloning, production and functional
expression of enterocin In: Food forums. (online). [online 10
July 2006]. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com
 Weblogs
• AUTHOR, Year. Title of the posting (if applicable). In: Title of
the blog [online]. [date viewed]. Available from web address.

• e.g. HITLIBRARY, 2012. Preserving digital material. In: Hitlib

news. [viewd 18/09/2010 available from:
http://blog.hit.ac.zw/blog/
Blog Post is a discussion or informational site published on the World Wide Web

• Last name, First Name. “Title of Blog Post.” Blog Name (blog).
Publish Month Date, Year. Blog URL.
• E.g. Mazuruse, P. “Deep in the Heart of Harare: TLA 2013.” The
Unquiet Mathematician (blog). April 27, 2013.
http://theunquietmathematician.wordpress.com/.
 Tweet Social networking and microblogging service utilising instant messaging,
SMS or a web interface.

• Last Name, First Name. Twitter Post. Month Day, Year, Time.
Tweet URL. *To access the URL of a tweet, click on details.
The exact time of the tweet can be found by hovering over the
time elapsed since the tweet.
• E.g. Gates, Bill. Twitter Post. June 5, 2013, 2:13 p.m.
https://twitter.com/BillGates/status/342388804663013376.
 You Tube Hosts user-generated videos. Includes
network and professional content.
• Last name, First Name. “Video Title”. Filmed [Month Year].
YouTube video, Duration. Posted [Month Year]. Video URL.
• Zimucha, T. “Tendayi Zimucha Addresses the E-Commerce
Class of 2013”. Filmed May 2013. YouTube video, 48:44. Posted
May 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=rACUfrQuuDU/.
• Tweet Last Name, First Name. Twitter Post. Month Day, Year,
Time. Tweet URL.
• *To access the URL of a tweet, click on details. The exact time
of the tweet can be found by hovering over the time elapsed
since the tweet. Ruzande, Cleopas. Twitter
 Face book status update
• Name’s Facebook page. Accessed Month Date, Year. URL.
• Accounting Technician Facebook page. Accessed June 7, 2013.
https://www.facebook.com/Accounting technicians? fref=ts.
 Podcast is a digital medium consisting of an episodic series of audio,
video, PDF, or ePub files subscribed to and downloaded through web .

• Last Name, First Name. “Episode Title”. Podcast Title . Podcast

audio, Month Date, Year of publication. URL
• Tongogara, Josiah. “'The Life a Freedom Fighter In Zimbabwe.”
First Chimurenga. Podcast audio, July 8, 2012.
http://www.npr.org/2013/06/07/189235113/the-life-that-
follows-disarming-ieds-in-Zimbabwe.
 What is the difference between a reference list and a
bibliography.
• This will vary from department to department. For some
departments, a reference list contains all the citations from
your work, and a bibliography contains all the items you have
been cited or not. For others, the bibliography contains all the
citations from your work, and a list of references contains all
the items you have been cited or not. Check with your
department.