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September 5, 2007
Conductor
Conductor
Charging Objects By Induction
Charging an object by induction
requires no contact with the object
inducing the charge. This is in contrast
to charging an object by rubbing (that
is, by conduction), which does require
contact between the two objects.
Figure 23.4 Charging a metallic object by induction (that is, the two objects never touch each
other). (a) A neutral metallic sphere, with equal numbers of positive and negative charges. (b)
The electrons on the neutral sphere are redistributed when a charged rubber rod is placed
near the sphere. (c) When the sphere is grounded, some of its electrons leave through the
ground
wire. (d) When the ground connection is removed, the sphere has excess positive charge that is
September 5, 2007
nonuniformly distributed. (e) When the rod is removed, the remaining electrons redistribute
uniformly and there is a net uniform distribution of positive charge on the sphere.
Induced Charges
If you hold a charge +q near an
uncharged conductor (Fig.), the two will
attract one another.
The reason for this is that q Will pull
minus charges over to the near side and
repel plus charges to the far side.
Since the negative induced charge is closer to q, there is a net force
of attraction.
September 5, 2007
Solution
q q q
(a). R a b
4R 2 4a 2 4b 2
0 b a R 0
1 q 1 q
(b). V(0) E d l ( )dr (0)dr ( )dr (0)dr
40 r 2
b a
40 r 2
R
1 q q q
( )
40 b R a
a R 0
1 q
(c). b 0 V(0) (0)dr ( )dr (0)dr
a
40 r 2
R
1 q q
( )
4 0 R a
The electric field always undergoes a discontinuity when you cross a surface
charge σ.
In fact, it is a simple matter to find the amount by which E changes at such a
boundary.
Suppose we draw a wafer-thin Gaussian pillbox, extending just barely over the
edge in each direction (Fig.) Gauss's law states that
to the thin rectangular loop of Fig. the ends give nothing (as ε→0), and the sides
Give . ( Eabove
II
l Ebelow
II
l ) So
Eabove Ebelow n̂
0
September 5, 2007
The potential, meanwhile, is continuous across any boundary (Fig), since
Vabove Vbelow 0
September 5, 2007
Surface Charge and the Force on a Conductor
Because the field inside a conductor is zero, boundary condition 1
requires that the field immediately outside is
consistent with our earlier conclusion that the field is normal to the
surface. In terms of potential,
These equations enable you to calculate the surface charge on a conductor, if you can
determine E or V; we shall use them frequently in the next chapter.
In the presence of an electric field, a surface charge will, naturally, experience a force; the
force per unit area, f, is σ E. But there's a problem here, for the electric field is discontinuous
at a surface charge, so which value are we supposed to use: E above, Ebelow, or something in
between? The answer is that we should use the average of the two:
Eout
0
Ein 0
1 1 2
1 Q 2
P 0 Eout
2
0 2
2 2 0 2 A2 0
September 5, 2007
25-1 CAPACITANCE
What is Capacitance?
From the word “capacity,” it describes
how much charge an arrangement of
conductors can hold for a given voltage
applied. V=1.5 V
_
Charges will flow until the right conductor’s +
potential is the same as the + side of the
battery, and the left conductor’s potential is
the same as the – side of the battery. +electrons
charges
A. The charge stays on the plates indefinitely, and the voltage stays
constant at 20 V.
B. The charge leaks out the bottom quickly, and the voltage goes to 0
V.
C. The charge jumps quickly across the air gap, and the voltage goes
to 0 V.
D. The charge stays on the plates, but the voltage drops to 0 V.
E. The charge instantly disappears, but the voltage stays constant at
20 V. October 10, 2007
Units of Capacitance
2. Given these expressions, and 0 = 8.85 x 1012 C2/N∙m2,
what are the units of capacitance?
0 A L ab
C C 2 0 C 4 0 C 4 0 R
d ln(b / a) ba
A. The units are different in the different expressions.
B. The units are C2/N∙m2.
C. The units are C2/N∙m.
D. The units are C2/N.
E. The units are C/V.
q CV
Calculating the Electric Field
Need to find potential difference V V V E ds
Since E~1/r2, we have q a dr q 1 1 , so the capacitance is
V
4 0 r
b 2
4 0 a b C q / V 4 0
ab
ba
October 10, 2007
25-2 CALCULATING THE CAPACITANCE
Capacitance Summary
0 A
Parallel Plate Capacitor C
d
L
Cylindrical (nested cylinder) Capacitor C 2 0
ln(b / a)
ab
Spherical (nested sphere) Capacitor C 4 0
ba
(a) Decrease
(b) Increase
(c) Decrease