Six Sigma : Statistical View

Dedy Sugiarto
What is Variation?

Less Variation
=
Higher Quality
 Definition

Quality is inversely proportional to

variability.

Quality improvement is the reduction of

variability in processes and products.
 35
30
25
Percentage

20
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10
5
0
10
20
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0

Thickness

Histogram: A barchart showing the distribution of the

process.
 The world tends to be bell-shaped or
Normal Distribution

Even very rare Fewer Most Fewer Even very rare

outcomes are in the outcomes in the outcomes are
possible “tails” occur in the “tails” possible
(probability > 0) (lower) middle (upper) (probability > 0)
 “Normal” bell shaped curve

Normal distributions are divide up

into 3 standard deviations on
each side of the mean
 Types of variation

Common
Causes of
variaton

Special
Causes of
variaton
 Reducing Variation
Reducing Variation in a Stable Process
Make Permanent Changes
Changes are based on the scientific
approach
 Structured problem solving
 Planned experiments

Examples: new equipment, equipment upgrade, new

procedure, new machine settings, better raw material
Capability Analysis
(The Concept)

 If the process mean is in control then virtually

all points will remain within control limits.
 Staying within control limits does not
necessarily mean that specification limits are
satisfied.
 Specification limits usually dictated by
customers.
 Capability Analysis
(The Indices)

• Cp < 1 (Process is
unsatisfactory). Potential Capability Index
• 1 < Cp < 1,33
(Process is of medium USL  LSL
relative capability). Cp 
• Cp > 1,33 (Process
6
show high relative
capability).
• This index show how well a process is able
to meet specifications.
• The higher the value of the index mean the
more capable is the process.
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 Capability Analysis
(The Indices)

• If Cp = Cpk
Actual Capability Index
C pk  min  C pu , C pl 
(Process is
centered at the
midpoint of the
specifications).  USL     LSL 
C pk  min  , 
 3 3 
• Cpk < Cp
(Process is off-
center).

This index takes process centering into account!

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Capability Analysis
(The Conclusion)

 The message from process capability studies:

– First reduce the variation in the process.
– Then shift the mean of the process towards the
target.

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Sigma level and Capability process
index

Six Sigma
=
Cp = Cpk = 2
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