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Atribusi
Atribusi
Atrribution Theory :
A description of the way in
which people explain the
causes of their own and
other people’s behavior
Internal Atrribution
The inference that a person is
behaving in a certain way
because of something about the
person, such as attitude,
character, or personality
Simple dichotomy
attribution, by Heider : External Atrribution
The inference that a person is
behaving in a certain way
because of something about the
situation he or she is in; the
assumption is that most people
would respond the same way in
that situation
The Two-Step Process of Attribution
You’re sitting in You If you have the time You adjust your initial
class. The automatically energy & attribution from step 1,
professor asks a make an motivation to think taking into account
question. The internal some more, you possible external
student in front of attribution consider other causes, and form your
you answers it and about the possible final attribution.
is totally wrong ! student explanations like
situational ones.
The Attribution
2. Model of Scientific
Reasoner, by Kelley
Banyak pelayan
lainnya juga menggoda
pelanggan
(konsensus tinggi)
Perilaku pelayan
Pelayan Pelayan ini juga diatribusikan
menggoda menggoda pelanggan tsb pada penyebab
pada waktu yg. berbeda eksternal
pelanggan (konsistensi tinggi) (misal: daya
tarik si pelanggan
Perilaku pelayan
Pelayan Pelayan ini juga diatribusikan
menggoda menggoda pelanggan tsb pada penyebab
pada waktu yg. berbeda internal
pelanggan (konsistensi tinggi) (misal: dia memang
suka menggoda)
Miskin karena
salahnya sendiri :
malas, pecandu obat
Bukan karena : tidak
ada pekerjaan.
Dear Ann Landers,
2. Efek Aktor-Pengamat I’m writing you in desperation,
(Actor-Observer hoping you can help me with a
problem I’m having with my mother.
Difference)
A little over year ago, I moved
“Saya berbuat begini with my boyfriend despite my
karena pengaruh mother’s protests. She has never liked
situasional; Anda “Kevin”. I’ll admit he’s far from
berbuat begitu karena perfect and we’ve had our problems.
He’s an alcoholic, has a bad temper, is
anda memang orang mentally abusive, is a compulsive liar
yang seperti itu” and cannot hold a job. I am in debt
over my head because of him but my
biggest problem is that mother is
Contoh : surat kpd. Ann obsessed with my situation. I
Landers. understand her concern, but I can take
only so much . . . .
Someone in somewhere
The letter and its response
Response : depict actor/observer
differences in attribution.
The letter writers tended
Dear. Someone :
to attribute their problems
Your mother didn’t write to me. to external factors (e.g.,
You did. So you’re the one who
is going to get the advice. Get
this letter writer says her
into counseling at once and find biggest problem is her
out why you insist on hanging on mother), whereas the
to an alcoholic, abusive, advice columnist tended to
unemployed, liar,. . . make dispositional
attributions to the letter
writers (e.g., “Get into
counseling at once”)
3. Bias Mengutamakan Diri Sendiri (Self Serving Bias)
“Saya memang bagus; Kamu hanya beruntung”.
Explanations for one’s successes that credit internal,
dispositional factors and explanations for one’s
failures that blame external, situational factors.
Lebih kuat terjadi di Barat (yang berorientasi
individual) daripada di Asia (kolektivis)
5. Hedonic Relevance
Kurang objektif memberi penilaian terhadap peristiwa
yang menyangkut diri sendiri. Peristiwa menguntungkan
dianggap positif, tidak menguntungkan dianggap
negatif.
5. Bias Egosentris
Menilai sesuatu dengan menggunakan diri sendiri.
Beranggapan orang umumnya akan berbuat seperti
dirinya. Standar diri akan menyulitkan dalam
mengatribusi sesuatu.
6. Defensive Attributions
b. Belief in a Just World
Explanations for
behavior that avoid We believe that bad things
feelings of vulnerability happen to bad people and
and mortality. good things happen to good
people.
Diatribusikan pada
Peristiwa negatif Eksternal, penyebab
yang temporer
Orang depresi
Diatribusikan pada
Eksternal, penyebab
Peristiwa positif
yang temporer
Diatribusikan pada
Internal, penyebab yang
Peristiwa negatif
bertahan lama
Augmenting & Discounting
dalam Atribusi Kausal
DISCOUNTING
Satu potensial
Adanya satu Perilaku Penyebab diberi
potensial penyebab terjadi Bobot penting ttt.
Potensial
Penyebab 1
Terjadi Discounting
Potensial Perilaku
Setiap potensial
Penyebab 2 terjadi
penyebab dikurangi
bobot pentingnya
Potensial
Penyebab 3
AUGMENTING