5 Types of Fire Extinguisher

■ Remove combustible materials, such as paper

or cardboard, from the path of a fire, because
they can fuel the flames
■ Cut off a fire’s oxygen supply by shutting a door
on a fire or smothering the flames with a fire
blanket. This will cause the fire to suffocate and
go out.
■ Turn off a car’s ignition, or switch off the
gasoline supply.
 If you are involved in a fire:
• R = RESCUE anyone in immediate danger from
the fire, if it does not endanger your life
• A = ALARM: sound the alarm / activate the first
fire alarm you see
• C = CONFINE the fire by closing all doors and
windows
• E = EXTINGUISH the fire with a fire extinguisher,
or EVACUATE the area if the fire is too large for a
fire extinguisher.
 LEAVING A BURNING BUILDING
• If you see or suspect a fire in a building, activate the
first fire alarm you see. Try to help people out of the
building without putting yourself at risk. Close doors
behind you to help prevent the fire from spreading.
• If you are in a public building, use the fire exits and
look for assembly points outside. You should already
know the evacuation procedure at your workplace.
If, however, you are visiting other premises you are
not familiar with, follow the signs for escape routes
and obey any instructions given by the fire marshals.
Evacuating other people
• Encourage people to leave the building calmly
but quickly via the nearest exit. If they have to
use the stairs, make sure they do not rush and
risk falling down.
 use fire extinguishers correctly
P = PULL the pin on the fire extinguisher
A = AIM the extinguisher nozzle at the base of
the fire
S = SQUEEZE or press the handle
S = SWEEP from side to side until the fire
appears to be out
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=PQV71INDaqY
 Clothing on Fire
■ Stop the casualty from panicking, running around, or
going outside; any movement or breeze will fan the flames.
■ Drop the casualty to the ground. If possible, wrap him
tightly in a fire blanket, or heavy fabric such as a coat,
curtain, blanket (not a nylon blanket or an openweave type
of any material—acrylic, wool, cotton, or other), or rug.
■ Roll the casualty along the ground until the flames have
been smothered. Treat any burns (: help the casualty lie
down with the burned side uppermost, and cool the burn
by applying cool water or fanning the area gently.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KPfT2O358pE
 SMOKE AND FUMES

Any fire in a confined space creates a highly dangerous

atmosphere that is low in oxygen and may also be
polluted by carbon monoxide and other toxic fumes.
Never enter a smoke- or fume-filled building or open a
door leading to a fire. Let the emergency services do
this.
■ If you are trapped in a burning building, if possible
go into a room at the front of the building with a
window and shut the door. Block gaps under the door
by placing a rug or similar heavy fabric across the
bottom of the door to minimize smoke. Open the
window and shout for help.
■ Stay low if you have to cross a smoke-filled
room: air is clearest at floor level.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=zYT66hkEBIo
■ If escaping through a high window, climb out
backward feet first and lower yourself to the full
length of your arms before dropping down.
 Cold Emergencies
- Exposure to extreme cold for a short time or
moderate cold for a long time can cause
hypothermia. The body's temperature drops
below 95° F (35° C)
1. Mild Hypothermia- The patient will present
with cold skin and shivering and will still be
alert and oriented
 Signs and Symptoms
• Increased breathing rate
• Increased pulse rate and blood pressure
• Slow, thick speech
• Staggering walk
• Apathy, drowsiness, incoherence
• Sluggish pupils
• Uncontrolled shivering
 First Aid
• Check responsiveness, if patient is alert and
able, allow him/her to drink warm fluids.
• Never give or confused or lethargic patient
anything to drink
• Cover the patient with a warm blanket
• Apply hot compress
• Check vital signs
• Refer to a physician
2. Severe Hypothermia - Patients may become
unresponsive. This is true medical emergency
that can lead to death
Signs and Symptoms
• Extremely slow breathing rate
• Extremely slow pulse rate
• Unresponsiveness
• Fixed and dilated pupils
• Rigid extremities
• Absence of shivering
 First Aid
• Check for responsiveness
• Check ABC, perform CPR if needed
• Care for shock
• Refer to a physician
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=qlNKCSC2s5w
 Heat Emergencies
• Mechanism of Heat Loss

– Convection - Body heat is lost to surrounding air, which becomes

warmer, rise, and is replaced with cooler air
– Respiration - This occurs when a person breathes in cold air and
breathes out air that was warmed inside the body
– Radiation- Body heat is lost to nearby objects without physically
touching them
– Conduction - Body heat is lost to nearby objects through direct
physical touch
– Evaporation- Body heat causes perspiration which is lost from the
body surface when changed from liquid to vapor.
Three General types of Heat Emergencies

• Heat Cramps. A muscular pain and spasm due

largely to loss of salt from the body in sweating
of too inadequate intake of salt. The cramps
are more severe if the victim has drunk a large
quantity of tap water or softdrinks without
replacing the salt deficiency, in which case
severe mental confusion and even convulsions
may develop. Heat cramps may be associated
with heat exhaustion
 Signs and Symptoms
• Muscle cramps, often in the abdomen and
legs
• Heavy perspiration
• Lightheadedness; weakness
 First Aid
• Have the victim rest with his/her
feet elevated 8 to 12 inches
• -Cool the victim. Do not use an alcohol rub
• -Give the victim electrolyte beverages to sip (for
example, Gatorade or pedialyte) or make salted drink
by adding 1 tspn of salt to 1 quart of water. Try to give
a half-cup every 15 mins. (if electrolyte beverage or
salts are not immediately available, give the victim
cool water)
• -To relieve muscle cramps massage the affected
muscles gently but firmly until they relax
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sO-V5Uj-dYg
2. Heat Exhaustion-A response to heat characterized by
fatigue, weakness, and collapse due to inadequate intake
of water to compensate for loss fluids through sweating.
Signs and symptoms
• Cool, pale or red, moist skin ( Even if the victim’s
internal temperature is rising, his or her skin may still
be cool)
• Dilated pupils
• Headache
• Extreme thirst
• Nausea; vomiting
• Irrational behavior
• Weakness; dizziness
• Unconsciousness
 First Aid
• Have the victim rest with his or her feet elevated 8-12 inches
• Cool the victim. Do not use an alcohol rub
• -Give the victim electrolyte beverages to sip (for example,
Gatorade or pedialyte) or make salted drink by adding 1 tspn of
salt to 1 quart of water. Try to give a half-cup every 15 mins. (if
electrolyte beverage or salts are not immediately available, give
the victim cool water)
• Monitor the victim for signs of shock, including bluish lips and
fingernails and decreasing alertness
• If the victim starts having seizures, protect him/her from injury
and give first aid for convulsions
• If the victim loses consciousness give first aid for consciousness

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6VdoV8dZRc
3. Heat Stroke or Sunstroke- A response to heat
characterized by extremely high body temperature and
disturbance of sweating mechanism.
Signs and Symptoms
• Raised body temperature (above 102 ‘F)
• Dry, hot, red skin
• Dark urine
• Small pupils
• Rapid, shallow, breathing
• Extreme confusion
• Weakness
• Seizures
• Unconsciousness
First Aid
• Cool the victim. Do not use an alcohol rub
• Give First Aid for shock. Lay the victim flat and
elevate his/her legs 8-12 inches. Do not suspect
any head, neck, back or leg injury; if she or he is
having breathing problems; or if the position
makes the victim uncomfortable
• If the victim starts having seizures, give first aid
for seizures
• Keep the victim cool as you await medical help
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=jvGC_dQJUtE
 Prevention of heat emergencies
1. Avoid exposure to direct rays of sun. Keep
head covered
2. Wear proper clothing. Light colored clothing
reflects rather than absorbs sunlight.
Sweating cools only as sweat evaporates, so
wear loose clothing
3. Intake of much water, 12-15 glasses a day,
together with extra salt
4. Exposure to air currents from fans or open
windows aids in evaporation and cooling
 Reminders
1. Do not underestimate the seriousness of heat illness
especially if the victim is a child, is elderly, or is injured
2. Do not give the victim liquids that contain alcohol or
caffeine. These drugs interfere with the body’s ability to
regulate its internal temperature
3. Do not give the victim over-the-counter medications that
are used to treat fever (for example aspirin). They will not
be effective, and they may be harmful
4. Do not give the victim salt tablets. Salt is appropriate, but
it should be taken as a salt and water solution
5. Do not overlook possible complications resulting from the
victim’s ongoing medical problems ( for example, high
blood pressure or heart disease)
6. For heatstroke – do not give the victim anything by mouth
– not even salted drinks
 How to Cool a Victim of Heat Illness
• Move the victim into the shade, into a cool
room, and to air-conditioned building or car
• Spray the victim with hose or pour a bucket of
water over him or her (not in the face). Tell the
person what you are going to do, and do not
use these measures if victim is confused
• Wrap the victim in wet towels or sheets, then
on a fan. Evaporation is a very effective way to
cool off
• Placed cold compresses on the victim’s neck,
groin and armpits
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
• Stroke
• Diabetes
• Seizure
 Stroke
• is a condition that occurs when the blood flow
to the brain is interrupted long enough to
cause damage. People over age 50 are the
most common victims, but younger people
can have them, too.
 Causes
• Thrombus or emboli. Formed in an artery in
the brain or carried to the brain in the
bloodstream
• Ruptured artery in the brain. Resulting from a
head injury, high blood pressure, a weak spot
in the wall of a blood vessel (aneurysm), or fat
deposits lining a vessel (atherosclerosis)
• Compression of an artery in the brain.
Decreasing the blood flow. This is often the
result of a brain tumor
 Signs and Symptoms
• Weakness and numbness of the face, arm or
leg, often on one side only
• Dizziness
• Confusion
• Headache
• Ringing in the ears
• Change of mood
• Difficulty in breathing and swallowing
• Loss of bowel and bladder control
 Use the FAST
Face-Arm-Speech-Time
• Facial weakness—the casualty is unable to smile
evenly and the mouth or eye may be droopy
• Arm weakness—the casualty is only able to raise
one of his arms
• Speech problems—the casualty is unable to speak
clearly or may not understand the spoken word
• Time to call 911 for emergency help if you suspect
that the casualty has had a stroke.
 First Aid
• Check the victim’s ABC. If necessary begin rescue
breathing, CPR or bleeding control
• Have the victim rest in a comfortable position
• Seek immediately medical help
• Do not give the victim anything by mouth
• If the victim loses consciousness, place him or her in
the recovery position and administer first aid for
unconsciousness
• Continue to monitor ABC’s
• Stay with the victim until you have medical help
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhH9a0kIwmk
 Diabetes
• This is a long-term (chronic) condition in which the
body fails to produce sufficient insulin. Insulin is a
chemical produced by the pancreas (a gland that lies
behind the stomach), which regulates the blood
sugar (glucose) level in the body. Diabetes can result
in higher than normal blood sugar (hyperglycemia)
or lower than normal blood sugar (hypoglycemia). If
a person with diabetes is unwell, giving him sugar
will rapidly correct hypoglycemia and is unlikely to
do harm in cases of hyperglycemia.
 Types of Emergency Diabetes
• Insulin Shock. Occurs when too much insulin
is in the body. Too much insulin rapidly
reduces the level of sugar in the blood, and
brain cells suffer. Insulin reaction can be
caused by taking too much medication, by
failing to eat, by heavy exercise, and by
emotional factors.
 Signs and Symptoms
• Fat Breathing
• Fast Pulse
• Dizziness
• Weakness
• Change in the level of consciousness
• Vision difficulties
• Sweating
• Headache
• Numb hands or feet
• Hunger
• Anxiety
• Diabetic Coma. Happens when there is too
much sugar and too little insulin in the blood
and body cells do not get enough nourishment.
Eating too much sugar, by not taking prescribed
medication, by stress, and by infection can
cause diabetic coma.
 Signs and Symptoms
• Drowsiness and confusion
• Deep and fast breathing
• Thirst
• Dehydration
• Fever
• A fruity smelling
• Change of consciousness
 First Aid
• In a diabetic emergency, it is possible to confuse the
signs and symptoms of insulin reaction and diabetic
coma. Since insulin reaction is a true emergency that
needs quick response:
• Give any fully conscious person in a diabetic emergency
sugar-candy, fruit juice, or a softdrink containing sugar.
This will quickly get sugar into the blood to help
someone having an insulin reaction. If instead of having
insulin reaction he or she is in diabetic coma, the sugar
will not cause further harm.
• If the person is unconscious, check ABC’s and call for a
physician
• Victim of diabetic coma also needs immediate transport
to the hospital
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ASqdE2sqHgM
Seizure. Is a sudden involuntary muscle
contraction, usually due to uncontrolled
electrical activity in the brain. Many different
problems, some more serious than others can
cause brain cells to fire abnormally. The most
common cause is epilepsy.
 Signs and Symptoms
- Local twitching and tingling in part of the body (local
seizures).
- Brief black out or period of confused behavior (petit mal s
seizure)
- Sudden falling, loss of consciousness
- Drooling, frothing of the mouth
Vigorous muscle spasm; twitching jerking limbs.
Stiffening.
- Grunting, snorting
- Loss of bowel control
- Temporary cessation of breathing
- Seizure are often associated with epilepsy; high blood
pressure; heart disease, brain tumor, stroke or other brain
illness or injury.
 First Aid
If you know the person has epilepsy, it is usually not necessary
to call physician unless

• The seizure lasts longer than a few minutes

•Another seizure begins soon after the first
• He or She does not regain consciousness after
the jerking movement has stopped.
• However, you should call physician when
someone having a seizure also
• Is pregnant
•Came identification as a diabetic
•is in the water and has swallowed large amount of water
• Febrile seizure (convulsion). A high temperature does not
necessarily mean the victim is seriously ill. Some children,
however have febrile seizure when a high fever is rising or
falling although they are extremely frightening for the
parents or caregiver, this seizures are self-limited and pass
relatively quickly.

• After the episodes of febrile seizures, take the child’s

temperature. It is important to bring the child’s temperature
into normal. Remove all clothes or bedclothes, give the child
a sponge bath on a counter with lukewarm water; and turn
on the fan. Stop if the children shivers.

• The child’s physician may recommend an over the counter

drug such as acetaminophen. Notify the child’s physician that
a seizure has occurred the cause of the seizures in unknown
asks physician to determine if it was a cause by infection.
• In young children, seizures—sometimes called
convulsions—are most often the result of a raised
body temperature associated with a throat or ear
infection or other infections. This type of seizure,
also known as a febrile seizure, occurs because
the electrical systems in the brain are not mature
enough to deal with the body’s high temperature.
Although seizures can be alarming, they are rarely
dangerous if properly dealt with.
 Signs and Symptoms
• Vigorous shaking, with clenched fists and an arched
back.
• Obvious signs of fever: hot, flushed skin and perhaps
sweating
• Twitching of the face and squinting, fixed or upturned
eyes
• Breath-holding, with red, “puffy” face and neck and
drooling
• Possible vomiting
• Loss of bowel or bladder control
• Loss of or impaired consciousness
AIMS
• To protect the child from injury during the
seizure
• To cool the child
• To reassure the parents
• To arrange transfer to the hospital

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sgucBed_kig
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Ovsw7tdneqE