Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Government
Outline
1. Inform: or persuade
consumers/providers/suppliers to act in a
certain way.
Publicize health risks (smoking)
Disseminate information on disease patterns
(swine flu), or risks of medical procedures.
Types of Government Intervention
1. Public Goods:
Market failure because too little of the good is produced
in private markets.
Usually large number of individuals.
Individuals unlikely to cooperate to fund substantial
amounts of public goods through voluntary
contributions.
Free-riders: can’t exclude them from the benefits, but
free-ride b/c an voluntary contribution has a negligible
impact on availability.
Government takes responsibility for providing good.
E.g. control of disease vectors (malaria), clean air, food
and water safety, information, medical research (some
types), information, voluntary giving (redistribution)
Rational for government intervention
2. Externalities:
Goods that have third-part effects.
When a third party is affected by another
person’s consumption or production of a good.
And price mechanisms to compensate these
people.
E.g. neighbors loud music, smoke, air pollution,
contagious diseases (SARs, Bird Flu)
Problem is that externalities are not reflected in
the price of a good.
Factories don’t pay extra because they made the air
dirty (hopefully in the future they will).
Rational for government intervention
Case of immunizations
MC
MC with subsidy
D
MEB
P D S1 P
S2 : after subsidy
P1
P2
P1-S
Q Only consumer Q
Consumer and producer benefits benefits
Rational for government intervention
3. Incomplete Markets:
E.g. Insurance companies don’t want to insure
you for pre-existing diseases (cancer, AIDS).
Can’t buy insurance.
Policy Options:
Could use mandates that make insurance
companies cover these people.
May need to subsidize drugs or care.
Could provide care.
Rational for government intervention
4. Merit Goods
Use argument everyone should have access to
health care.
Why many developing countries have free
access to medical care (even if can’t afford to
provide it).
Why you see universal health care systems.
Rational for government intervention
5. Market Power
Monopolies, oligopolies etc.
Any industry where the supply or marginal cost curve is
not flat (so are not price takers)
E.g. Hospital, drug companies (patents), specialists,
Often create market power by differentiating products. E.G
specializing in different kinds of operations.
Produce less and charge more than a competitive
market.
Due to economies of scale, production may be more
efficient if you have a monopoly (natural monopoly)
E.g. power sector, hospital, medical research
Rational for government intervention
Tax Policy
Employer contribution to health insurance not part
of taxable income.
Individual payments for health insurance and care
can be itemized and deducted if amount large
enough.
HAS
These subsidies do not promote equity, go to
those who can afford the most health care.
Government Involvement in US
Public Health
Department of Public Health
Center for Disease Control
Financing Health Insurance
Medicare and Medicaid
Finance Medical Education and Research
Institutes of Health (provides grants)
Government Failure