MULUNGUSHI UNIVERSITY

Pursuing the frontiers of Knowledge

School of Science, Engineering and Technology.
CIE 500 Final Presentation

Design of Cost-effective House-hold Water Treatment

Systems(HWTS):
A case study of Makululu settlement
By
Daka Jackson (201600983)
Supervisor:
Eng. Muumbe Lweendo. 1
 Outline Of Presentation
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Statement Of The Problem
4. Study Justification
5. Main Objective And Specific Objectives
6. Methodology
7. Results And Discussion
8. Conclusion
9. Recommendations
2
10.References
 Introduction

Water is very important to the human body.

Drinking clean water has the following benefits
to the human body.

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 Introduction
 It helps you to regulate your body temperature
It helps boost your energy
Assist your organism eliminates waste materials
It helps fight off illness.
It aids your cells acquire all the nutrients and
oxygen needed for optimum body performance..,
(Natalie, 2020). 4
 Introduction
Globally, at least 2 billion people use a drinking
water source that is contaminated with feaces.

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 Introduction cont..,

Contaminated water can transmit diseases such

as diarrhoea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid, and
polio. Contaminated drinking water is estimated
to cause 485 000 diarrheal deaths each year.
(WHO, 2019).

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 Introduction cont..,
In Africa about 50% of malnutrition cases
reported, are related to recurring diarrhoea or
intestinal nematode infections resulting from the
consumption of contaminated water.(Momba,
2012)

7
 Introduction cont..,

In Zambia out of 17.3 million people, an estimated 6

million Zambians lack regular access to clean water,
and 6.6 million lack access to adequate sanitation
facilities.(Mwabi, 2012)
In Kabwe District, Makululu compound about 90%
of water being consumed is highly contaminated with
feacal coliforms.(Phiri,2016) 8
 Introduction cont..,

Due to limited water treatment facilities, some

residents of Makululu compound have opted to
use ground and surface water sources, despite
the water sources being contaminated with
feacal coliforms.

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 Introduction cont..,
Contaminated water in Makululu makes the area
prone to waterborne diseases which include
cholera, diarrhoea and dysentery.(Phiri,2016)

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1) Surface water 2) Hand dug well 3) Communal taps 4) Unprotected wells
 Literature Review
Various Household Water Treatment Systems
(HWTS) have been developed over the years to
treat water at point-of-use (POU) at the

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 Literature Review cont…,
household level.
Many of these devices are currently being used in
various developing countries around the world as cost-
effective systems for treating microbially contaminated
water sources in order to produce drinking water of an
acceptable quality for domestic purposes
(Boison et al.,2010; sobsey et al.,2008)
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• Description of the study area.
 Makululu settlement is located in Kabwe district,
provincial headquarters of central province.
It lies between latitude 14° 27' S and longitude 28°
27’E

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Description of the study area.

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 Climate & Temperature of the study area
In winter time records
indicate temperatures by day
reach 24.4°C on average
falling to 10.9°c overnight.

In spring time

temperatures rise reaching
30.3°c generally in the
afternoon with overnight
lows to 16.4°c .

15
 Climate & Temperature Of The Study Area cont..,

During summer average high temperatures are 27.1°c and

average low temperatures are 17.4°c
Come autumn/ fall temperatures decrease achieving average
highs of 26.2°c during the day and lows of 14.1°c generally
shortly after sunrise.
Total annual precipitation averages 907.7 mm (35.7 inches)
which is equivalent to 907.7 litres/m².

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 Statement Of The Problem

The well-being of an individual is directly related to

water.
A household is considered to have access to improved
water supply if it has sufficient quality and quantity of
water for family use at an affordable price.
As water moves due to head difference from one
location to another, it carries with it, impurities that
wind up in surface and subsurface water sources 17
 Statement Of The Problem cont..,
The quality of water is compromised and this is
mostly caused by sewer disposal and individual
sanitary activities.

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 Study Justification

In view of the past studies that have been led on dangers
on utilization of underground water and the variables
influencing water quality in Makululu, it is basic that we
complete a study that would resolve these issues
recognized.
The outcomes created from this investigation could be
utilized to think of procedures that can improve water
quality status in an unplanned settlement like Makululu 19

compound.
 Study Justification
The finding could add to the scientific body of
knowledge on the plan of designing cost
effective water treatment systems that can be
utilized in spontaneous settlement regions
like Makululu compound.

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 Objectives of the study
Main objective
To design a low-cost household water treatment
system that can remove biological, physical and
chemical parameters.

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 Objectives of the study cont..,

Specific objectives
To test the quality of water from different
sources in Makululu.
To design two prototypes of HWTS.
To compare the efficiency and effectiveness of
the designed HWTS in removing contaminants.
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 Methodology And Research Design

The methodology was designed in 3 stages involving:-

1). Conceptual Design of filters.
The Geo-filter designed by Dr. N.
Bhaskar Reddy, comprised of
Gravel, coarse sand, Charcoal and
Fine sand to filter raw water.

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 Methodology And Research Design
2). Prototype design
The prototype designs utilized locally available
materials such as charcoal, fine sand, coarse sand
and gravel. Containers were equally purchased
from the local market.

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25
2). Prototype design 1

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2). Prototype design 2

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Photographs Of Prototype Water Filters

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 Technical considerations

 Elevated platform for placing a 20L container to allow

water to flow freely through gravity to the filtration chamber
and finally to the collection bucket for clean water.
Flow rate and anticipated volume of 20L/h and 200L/day
Characteristics of the media being filtered: pH, Total
Dissolved Solids, Turbidity, viscosity, total coliforms and
feacal coliforms.
Characteristics of filter media being used in the water filter.
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 Methodology And Research Design cont..,

The research was based on experimental method

whereby the water quality analysis was executed in order
to analyze the selected characteristic such as pH,
turbidity, total dissolved solids, total and feacal coliforms.
 Based on quality of water, volume of aggregates was
adjusted until acceptable results were obtained according
ZABS standards.
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 Methodology And Research Design cont..,

To achieve the specific objective of the research,

quantitative data was obtained from the available
water sources such as wells and communal taps
from the four wards of Makululu settlement.

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Data Collection

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33
34
35
These water samples were determined by geographical locations as shown above
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 Results And Discussion
The results showed some improvement in the water
parameters such as pH, total dissolved solids and turbidity
after filtration. There was a great improvement in the
reduction of total and feacal coliforms in the first 2 data
sets of Moomba ward and Makululu ward water samples,
and complete removal of feacal coliforms in the last 2 data
set of Chililalila and Zambezi ward water samples.
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38
39
40
41
Results of filtered Water

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 Conclusion
•
The design of 2 prototype low-cost household
water treatment systems were successfully
constructed using locally available materials and
were able to remove biological, physical and
chemical parameters from the raw water.

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 Conclusion cont..,
However, the removal efficiency of total and
feacal coliforms was poor for the second device
as compared to the first device.
This study confirmed that all the selected
devices are cost-effective and can improve the
quality of contaminated water.

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 Recommendations
I recommend that future researchers should focus on the
filter component that will eliminate feacal and total
coliforms without requiring repeated use of the filter to meet
recommended standards.
I further recommend that future research be conducted on
the social acceptability of these devices, as it is crucial that
they not only be efficient and affordable, but also culturally
acceptable to ensure that their use becomes sustainable.
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REFERENCES

Lapworth, D.J., Nkhuwa, D.C.W., Okotto-okotto, J., Pedley, S., Stuart, M.E., Tijani, M.N. And wright,
J.J.H.J., 2017. Urban groundwater quality in sub-saharan africa: current status and implications for
water security and public health. Hydrogeology journal, 25(4), pp.1093-1116.

Olaoye, r.A., Ojoawo, S.O., Oluremi, J.R. And yusuf, A.D., 2018. Pilot study on low cost domestic
slow sand filter for groundwater quality improvement. LAUTECH journal of engineering and
technology, 12(1), pp.43-52.

Mwabi, j.K., Mamba, B.B. And momba, M.N., 2012. Removal of escherichia coli and faecal coliforms
from surface water and groundwater by household water treatment devices/systems: A sustainable
solution for improving water quality in rural communities of the southern african development
community region. International journal of environmental research and public health, 9(1), pp.139-170.

Phiri, a., 2016. Risks of domestic underground water sources in informal settlements in kabwe-
zambia. Environment & pollution, 5, pp.1-14.

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 END OF PRESENTATION.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION..!!!

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