18EI016 – INSTRUMENTATION IN

PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES

UNIT 1 – INTRODUCTION- PETROLEUM

REFINING PROCESS

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EVOCATION

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INTRODUCTION

• Product of natural changes in organic materials

• Hydrocarbons +sulphur.

• Petroleum + oil and coal - fossil fuel

• Non-renewable energy source.

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SECTORS IN OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY
• The oil and gas industry is usually divided into three major sectors:

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Petroleum Refining Process
• Oil refineries - to transform crude oil into
• liquefied petroleum gas (LPG),

• gasoline or petrol,

• kerosene,

• jet fuel,

• diesel oil,

• fuel oils.

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STAGES OF REFINING
PHYSICAL CHEMICAL
THERMAL CATALYTIC
Distillation Visbreaking Catalytic Reforming
Solvent Extraction Delayed coking Catalytic Cracking
Solvent Dewaxing Flexicoking Alkylation
Blending Isomerization
Polymerization

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REFINERY PRODUCTS
• LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)
• Gasoline or Petrol
• Solvents
• Diesel or Gasoil
• Asphalt
• Industrial fuel
• Coke

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 PHYSICAL PROCESSES-
DISTILLATION
• First stage
• Heavier components - in the lower part of the column,
• lighter components - in the upper part of column.

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 SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND
SOLVENT DEWAXING
SOLVENT EXTRACTION SOLVENT DEWAXING
Separates aromatics, naphthene's, Remove wax from either distillate
and impurities or residual
Solvents used: Solvents used:
Phenol, Liquid sulphur dioxide, Benzene, propane, sulphur dioxide,
nitrobenzene toluene, ethylene dichloride,
methylene dichloride.

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BLENDING
• Physical mixture of different liquid hydrocarbons
• To produce a finished product with certain desired characteristics.
Additives added :
• octane enhancers, anti-oxidants, anti-knock agents, gum and rust
inhibitors, detergents, etc.

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 THERMAL PROCESSES
VISBREAKING
• Mild form of thermal cracking
• Lowers the viscosity of heavy
crude-oil residues without
affecting the boiling point range.

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 THERMAL PROCESSES – DELAYED
COKING
• Method of thermal cracking
• To upgrade heavy residuals into
lighter products or distillates.
• Completely reduces hydrogen
• Residue is a form of carbon called
“coke”.
• Heavier hydrocarbons produced in
the fractionator are recycled through
the furnace.

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 THERMAL PROCESSES – FLEXI
COKING
• Thermal technology
• Convertis heavy feedstocks to
higher margin liquids and
producing, a low BTU gas,
instead of coke.
• Conversion of coke to clean fuel
gas maximizes refinery yield of
hydrocarbons.

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 CATALYTIC CHEMICAL PROCESSES-
CATALYTIC CRACKING
• Main incentive - need to increase
gasoline production.
• Catalysed by solid acids which
promote the rupture of C-C
bonds.

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 CHEMICAL PROCESSES- CATALYTIC
REFORMING
• Convert low octane naphthas
into high-octane gasoline
blending components called
reformates.
• Platinum acts a catalyst in the
reactors.

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 CHEMICAL PROCESSES-
ALKYLATION
• Combines low-molecular-weight
olefins with isobutene in the
presence of a catalyst
• Product is called alkylate.
• Composed of a mixture of high-
octane, branched-chain paraffinic
hydrocarbons.

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 CHEMICAL PROCESSES-
ISOMERIZATION & POLYMERIZATION
Isomerization :
• process of conversion of low- octane n paraffins to high- octane iso
paraffins.
Polymerization :
• process of linking of similar molecules, to get light olefins.

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HYDROPROCESSING

• To remove sulphur from the component stream.

• Consume hydrogen to assist in the sulphur removal.

• The sulphur removed is converted into pure liquid sulphur and sold to
local industry for the production or acid and fertiliser.

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 FLOW SCHEME OF REFINING
PROCESS

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MINDMAP

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