REFLECTION

(GROUPWORKS)
HOW DID SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOP?

Science and technology evolved from time to time.

 A better understanding of how developments in science and
technology influence the creation of new occupations can help
decision makers at all levels of our society.Science and technology
are inextricably linked to economic development. We must focus on
capacity-building, education and transfer of skills, in order to
guarantee sustainable growth.
 Science and technology are inextricably linked to economic
development. One of the most effective means of eradicating poverty
and spurring economic growth is through the acquisition, adaptation
and application of new technologies.

 The history of technology is the history of invention of tools and

techniques and is similar to the other sides of history. The term came
from the Greek word techne which means art and craft.The Industrial
Revolution began in Great Britain, and many of the technological
innovations were of British origin.
• In the ancient period, most of the technology was made of stones and
bones of animals that serves as tools and weapons to hunt their food. In
science and technology made all this happen; fire, stone spear, clay, pots ,
bow and arrow and wheel.
• In 18th century they focused on machines that helped the rapid spread of
knowledge and also the preservation of culture.
• The 19th century witnessed the rise of modern industry, from agriculture to
industrial manufacturing and technology-intensive service.
• 20th century I one of the noticeable in the history of humans for its
incomparable technological advances and scientific discoveries. It was
rapidly developed with the used of scientific methods and funding for
research. It helped to achieve the advancement of modern science and
technology. This is how science and technology developed.
WHAT WAS THE RELATIONSHIP OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY THROUGH TIME?

 Technology puts scientific knowledge to work to solve problems, either by

building things or by finding new ways to do things. Science contributes to
technology in at least six ways. Science is the study of the natural world and how
it works. Science and technology have helped make people’s lives more
materially prosperous. Progress in energy and materials technologies has given
rise to a variety of new transport modes. The railroad, the automobile, and the
airplane have vastly improved human mobility in terms of both time and space.
The telephone and radio have expanded the range of human activities and the
scope of human exchanges.
 The relationship of Science and Technology trough time are the following:
Science and Technology focuses on the improvement of human life, and
science is our foundation in order the facts and information in order the facts
and information that we know is credible and convincing, and technology is
the application and scientific usage of science. That’s why we are corning up
ne inventions. Science contributes new knowledge serves as a source of
ideas to new technological possibilities. Through the power of Science and
Technology, the way we how people live today is much easier as time passes
by. Thus, Science and Technology can’t be separated to each other, because
they depend to each other that all ideas n our mind I making new inventions
works.
 WHAT ARE THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF DIFFERENT WORLD
CULTURES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY?

 Development of Science and Technology that we have in the present time is not possible without the
contribution of different world culture.
 Mesoamerican culture has a big contribution to the development of science and technology. Spanish
genocide created a huge effect in the Mesoamerican civilization, some of the accounts are erased in
the records of history. However, the Mayan civilization has still a compounding influenced in the
society. They revolutionized engineering, infrastructures, and hydraulic systems. To be specific, they
contributed the human jaguars, colossal heads, from the volcanic heads, advanced art style, writing
systems, mathematics, and even included number zero, and the calendar system, height of
astronomical knowledge, great step pyramids, the Observatory of Chichen Itza, Vigesimal
mathematical system, large tables for calculations, calculations about time, complex astronomical
system, Mayan Calendar, complicated system of five interlocking calendars of different lengths,
system of canals, floodgates, and aqueducts, dikes, Machu Pichu, Peru, standard measurement
units, medical specialists, astronomical and calendric data, and system of tying strings
 The African intellectual revolution is the first societal intellectual revolution
since it is the cradle of civilization. Their civilization has enormously
contributed to the body of knowledge, their long and best cultural
contributions in the linguistic, mathematics, science, and technology, has
largely influenced a lot of succeeding civilizations and various civilization all
around the world. The ancient African civilization was the first to dwell with
the applied sciences in the agricultural economy, metallurgical sciences,
textile and engineering productions, ancient natural remedies, and filed
sciences dominated across the region. Measurement mathematics, cubit
system, Nile river, pyramid, make a 24 hours’ division in a day, first solar
calendar to feature a 365-day ratio in a year, methods in the surveying of the
lands, creation of dams, canals, and even the irrigation systems, writing
system such as Hieroglyph and Hieratic, Chemical principles like
mummification, leather tanning and cloth dyeing are the contribution of
African culture to the development of science and technology.
 The Middle-East intellectual revolution has revolutionized mathematics,
astronomy, medical science and engineering. To be specific, Mathematical terms
like algebra and azimuth, “Bayt al-Hikmah” or the House of Wisdom, house of
knowledge, like observatories, hospitals, public libraries, and Madrasas, an
Islamic college, Kitab- “al-Jabr”, or the Comperendious book on calculations,
rational, irrational numbers and different forms of numeric systems and
calculations, astrolabes, algebra, trigonometry, and other numeric related
systems, “the book of Ingenious devices”, “The book of knowledge of Ingenious
Mechanical Devices”, “al-Hawi al-Kabir” or the Virtuous Life, “al-Tibb al-nabawi”,
“al-Qanun fi al-Tibb”, or “The Canon of Medicine” are the contribution of middle-
east culture in the development of Science and Technology .Up to date, their
sophistication to the field is very evident. The colourful science and technology,
paired with their rich culture and religion revolutionized the way we view science
and arts.
 Asian intellectual revolution has revolutionized the world, by its inventions,
rich culture and tradition, mathematical contributions, and barely on oriental
medicine can explain its effectivity. This are the general contributions of
Asian culture to the development of Science and Technology. if I will be going
to become specific on their contributions, it will take me months or years to
make it.
 WHAT WERE THE DIFFERENT S&T PROGRAMS IN THE
PHILIPPINES UNDER THE DIFFERENT ERA AND PRESIDENTIAL
ADMINISTRATIONS?
 Science and technology in the Philippines describes scientific and
technological progress made by the Philippines and analyses related policy
issues. The main agency responsible for managing science and technology
(S&T) is the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). There are also
sectoral councils for Forestry, Agriculture and Aquaculture, the Metal Industry,
Nuclear Research, Food and Nutrition, Health, Meteorology, Volcanology and
Seismology.
 Among the men and women who have made contributions to science are Fe
del Mundo in the field of pediatrics, Eduardo Quisumbing in plant taxonomy,
Gavino Trono in tropical marine phycology and Maria Orosa in the field of food
technology.
Pre-Spanish Period
 Even before the colonization by the Spaniards in the Philippine islands,
the natives of the archipelago already had practices linked to science and
technology. Filipinos were already aware of the medicinal and therapeutic
properties of plants and the methods of extracting medicine from herbs.
They already had an alphabet, number system, a weighing and
measuring system and a calendar. Filipinos were already engaged in
farming, shipbuilding, mining and weaving. The Banaue Rice Terraces are
among the sophisticated products of engineering by pre-Spanish era
Filipinos.
Spanish Colonial Period
 The colonization of the Philippines contributed to growth of science and
technology in the archipelago. The Spanish introduced formal education and
founded scientific institution. During the early years of Spanish rule in the
Philippines. Parish schools were established where religion, reading, writing,
arithmetic and music was taught. Sanitation and more advanced methods of
agriculture was taught to the natives. Later the Spanish established colleges
and universities in the archipelago including the University of Santo Tomas.
 The study of medicine in the Philippines was given priority in the Spanish era, especially in the
later years. The Spanish also contributed to the field of engineering in the islands by constructing
government buildings, churches, roads, bridges and forts. Biology is given focus. Contributors to
science in the archipelago during the 19th century were botanists, Fr. Ignacio Mercado., Dr.
Trinidad Pardo de Tavera and Dr. Leon Ma Guerrero, chemist Anaclento del Rosario, and medicine
scholars Dr. Manuel Guerrero, Dr, Jose Montes and Dr. Elrodario Mercado.
 
 The Galleon Trade have accounted in the Philippine colonial economy. Trade was given more
focus by the Spaniard colonial authorities due to the prospects of big profits. Agriculture and
industrial development on the other hand were relatively neglected. The opening of the Suez Canal
saw the influx of European visitors to the Spanish colony and some Filipinos were able to study in
Europe who were probably influenced by the rapid development of scientific ideals brought by the
Age of Enlightenment.
American Period and Post-Commonwealth era
 Angel Alcala, national scientist, is seen wearing deep blue and yellow academic
gown with cap, deep blue with gold tassel. Angel Alcala is a national scientist
noted for his work in marine and aquatic biology.
 The progress of science and technology in the Philippines continued under
American rule of the islands. On July 1, 1901 The Philippine Commission
established the Bureau of Government Laboratories which was placed under the
Department of Interior. The Bureau replaced the Laboratorio Municipal, which was
established under the Spanish colonial era. The Bureau dealt with the study of
tropical diseases and laboratory projects. On October 26, 1905, the Bureau of
Government Laboratories was replaced by the Bureau of Science and on
December 8, 1933, the National Research Council of the Philippines was
established. The Bureau of Science became the primary research center of the
Philippines until World War II.
 Science during the American period was inclined towards agriculture,
food processing, forestry, medicine and pharmacy. Not much focus was
given on the development of industrial technology due to free trade
policy with the United States which nurtured an economy geared
towards agriculture and trade.
 
 In 1946 the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science.
In a report by the US Economic Survey to the Philippines in 1950, there
is a lack of basic information which were necessities to the country’s
industries, lack of support of experimental work and minimal budget for
scientific research and low salaries of scientists employed by the
government. In 1958, during the regime of President Carlos P. Garcia,
the Philippine Congress passed the Science Act of 1958 which
established the National Science Development Board.
Marcos Era and Martial Law
 During Ferdinand Marcos’ presidency, the importance given to science grew. In
the amended 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Section 9 (1), he
declared that the “advancement of science and technology shall have priority in
the national development.” In his two terms of presidency and during Martial
Law, he enacted many laws promoting science and technology.
 In his Second State of the Nation Address on January 23, 1967, he declared that
science was necessary for the development programs, and thus, directed the
Department of Education to revitalize the science courses in public high schools. The
Department of Education, with the National Science Development Board (NSDB), is
organizing a project to provide selected high schools with science teaching equipment
over a four-year period.
 In his Third State of the Nation Address on January 22, 1968, he recognized that
technology was the leading factor in economic development, and channeled
additional funds to support projects in applied sciences and science education.
 
 In his Fourth State of the Nation Address on January 27, 1969, he gave a big part
of the war damage fund to private universities to encourage them to create courses
in science and technology and to research. He stated that he planned a project to
have medical interns do a tour of duty in provincial hospitals to arouse their social
conscious and reduce the “brain drain.” On April 6, 1968, he proclaimed 35
hectares in Bicutan, Taguig, Rizal as the site of the Philippine Science Community.
The government also conducted seminars for public and private high school and
college science teachers, training programs and scholarships for graduate and
undergraduate science scholars, and workshops on fisheries and oceanography.
 In his Fifth State of the Nation Address on January 26, 1970, he emphasized that
the upgrading of science curricula and teaching equipment is crucial to the science
development program. He added the Philippine Coconut Research Institute to the
NSDB to modernize the coconut industry. The NSDB also established the
Philippine Textile Research Institute. The Philippine Atomic Energy Commission of
the NSDB explored the uses of atomic energy for economic development. Marcos
assisted 107 institutions in undertaking nuclear energy work by sending scientists
to study nuclear science and technology abroad, and providing basic training to
482 scientists, doctors, engineers, and technicians.
 
 In his Seventh State of the Nation Address on January 24, 1972, he spoke about
his major development projects in reforming sectors of education. Such projects
included research and development schools, technical institutes, science
education centers, and agricultural colleges and vocational high schools.
 In 1972, he created the National Grains Authority to provide for the development
of the rice and corn industry to fully harness it for the economy of the country.
(Presidential Decree No. 4, s. 1972) He established the Philippine Council for
Agricultural Research to support the progressive development of agriculture,
forestry, and fisheries for the nation. It was attached to the Department of
Agriculture and Natural Resources for administrative purposes. He provided
further support for the promotion of scientific research and invention with
Presidential Decree No. 49, s. 1972. This decree contains details on the
protection of intellectual property for the creator or publisher of the work. He
established the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA) under the Department of National Defense to provide
environmental protection and to utilize scientific knowledge to ensure the safety
of the people. (Presidential Decree No. 78, s. 1972)
 In 1973, he created the Philippine National Oil Company to promote industrial
and economic development through effective and efficient use of energy
sources. (Presidential Decree No. 334, s. 1973)

 In 1976, he enacted a law under Presidential Decree No. 1003-A, s. 1976 to

establish the National Academy of Science and Technology, which is
composed of scientists with “innovative achievement in the basic and applied
sciences,” to serve as a reservoir of scientific and technological expertise for
the country.
 In 1978, he created a Task Force on the formulation of a national action program
on science and technology to assess policies and programs of science and
technology. (Executive Order No. 512, s. 1978) In his Fourteenth State of the
Nation Address on July 23, 1979, he said that the government invested funds
and time in organizations for scientific research, such as the NSDB, the
Philippine Council for Agricultural Research and Resources, the Plant Breeding
Institute, the International Rice Research Institute, the Bureau of Plant Industry,
and the Bureau of Forest Products. While these projects have had
breakthroughs, the market machinery did not adapt and invest in this technology
due to the high-risk front-end costs.
 In 1979, he constituted the Health Sciences Center created by R.A. No. 5163 as an
autonomous member within the University of the Philippines System to improve the
internal organization and unity of leadership within its units. (Executive Order No.
519, s. 1979)

 In 1980, he created the National Committee on Geological Sciences to advise

government and private entities on matters concerning development in geological
sciences. (Executive Order No. 625, s. 1980)
 In 1982, he reorganized the National Science Development Board and its
agencies into a National Science and Technology Authority to provide central
direction and coordination of scientific and technological research and
development. (Executive Order No. 784, s. 1982) He granted salary increases to
the people with teaching positions in the Philippine Science High School due to
their necessity in the advancement of national science. (Executive Order No.
810, s. 1982). He enacted a law on the completion of the National Agriculture
and Life Sciences Research Complex at the University of the Philippines at Los
Baños. (Executive Order No. 840, s. 1982)
 In 1986, he established the Mindanao and Visayas campuses of the Philippine Science
High School to encourage careers in science and technology and to be more accessible to
the talented students in the Mindanao and Visayas areas. (Executive Order No. 1090, s.
1986)
Fifth Republic
 In 1986, during Corazon Aquino’s presidency, the National Science and
Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of Science and
Technology, giving science and technology a representation in the cabinet.
Under the Medium Term Philippine Development Plan for the years 1987-1992,
science and technology’s role in economic recovery and sustained economic
growth was highlighted. During Corazon Aquino’s State of the Nation Address in
1990, she said that science and technology development shall be one of the top
three priorities of the government towards an economic recovery.
 On August 8, 1988, Corazon Aquino created the Presidential Task Force for
Science and Technology which came up with the first Science and Technology
Master Plan or STMP. The goal of STMP was for the Philippines to achieve
newly industrialized country status by the year 2000. The Congress did not put
much priority in handling bills related to science and technology. The Senate
Committee on Science and Technology was one of the committees that handles
the least amount of bills for deliberation.
 Former DOST Secretary Ceferin Follosco reported that the budget allocation for science
and technology was increased to 1.054 billion pesos in 1989 from the previous year’s
464 million pesos. However, due to the Asian financial crisis, budget allocation for the
years 1990 and 1991 were trimmed down to 920 and 854 million pesos respectively.
Budget allocation were increased to 1.7 billion pesos in 1992.
 During her term, President Corazon Aquino encouraged scientists and inventors to bring the
Philippines to its former position as second to only Japan in the field of science and technology. One
of the goals of her administration was to achieve the status as being an industrialized country by
2000. She urged that the private research sector form a stronger bond between public research to
help jump-start the progress in the area of Philippine Research and Development. 

 Ironically, it was during President Corazon Aquino’s term and the reorganization of Philippine
bureaucracy that Executive Order No.128 abolished R.A. No. 3859, also known as the “Philippine
Inventors Incentive Act.” This Philippine Inventors Commission was under the Science Development
board. It gave assistance to Filipino inventors through giving financial aid, patent application
assistance, legal assistance, and to help inventors market their products domestically and abroad.
Despite the abolishment of the Philippine Inventors Commission, her administration gave rise to new
avenues for the government to aid the progress of Science and Technology in the country.
 R.A. 6655 or the Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988 opened doors to free education
up to the secondary level, implemented in the education system together with this was the
“Science for the Masses Program” which aimed at scientific and technological literacy among
Filipinos. The Aquino administration recognized the importance of science and technology in the
development of the Philippines into a newly industrialized country. Funding for the science and
technology sector was tripled from 464 million in 1986 to 1.7 billion in 1992. The Science and
Technology Master Plan was formulated which aimed at the modernization of the production
sector, upgrading research activities, and development of infrastructure for science and
technological purposes. A Research and Development Plan was also formulated to examine and
determine which areas of research needed attention and must be given priority. The criteria for
identifying the program to be pursued were, development of local materials, probability of
success, potential of product in the export market, and the its strategic nature. The grants for the
research and development programs was included in the Omnibus Investment Law.
 There were noticeable improvements regarding science and technology as stated in President
Fidel Ramos’ State of the Nation Address. In his third SONA, there was a significant increase in
personnel specializing in the science and technology field. At 1998, the Philippines was estimated
to have around 3,000 competent scientists and engineers. Adding to the increase of scientists
would be the result of the two newly built Philippine Science High Schools in Visayas and
Mindanao which promotes further development of young kids through advance S&T curriculum.
The government provided 3,500 scholarships for students who were taking up professions
related to S&T. Schools were becoming more modernized and updated with the addition of high-
tech equipment for student improvement and teachers were getting training programs to benefit
themselves and their students. Health care services were promoted through local programs such
as “Doctors to the Barrio Program.” The health care programs were innovative and effective as
shown by the change in life expectancy from 67.5 years in 1992 to 69.1 years in 1995.
 Priority for S&T personnel increased when Magna Carta for Science and
Technology Personnel (Republic Act No. 8439) was established. The award
was published in order to give incentives and rewards for people who have
been influential in the field of S&T. In the sixth SONA, education was one of the
primary story-lines wherein programs such as National Program for Gifted
Filipino Children in Science and Technology and enactment of a law creating a
nationwide system of high schools specializing in the field of science and
engineering.
 Fidel V. Ramos believes that science and technology was one of the means wherein the
Philippines could attain the status of new industrialized country (NIC). During his term, he was
able to establish programs that were significant to the field of S&T. In 1993, Science and
Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND) was established. Among its priorities
were: (1) exporting winners identified by the DTI; (2) domestic needs identified by the
President’s Council for Countryside Development; (3) support industries and (4) coconut
industry development. Congress, during his term, was able to enact laws that were significant
for the field. Among were: (1) Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel (Republic Act
No. 8439); (2) Science and Technology Scholarship Law of 1994 (Republic Act No. 7687) and
(3) Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act (Republic Act No. 7459). The Intellectual Property
Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No. 8293) was enacted during Ramos’ term. The law
provides industrial property rights, copyrights and related rights, and technology transfer
arrangements.
 In President Joseph Estrada’s term, two major legislations that he signed were Philippine Clean
Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act No. 8749) which was designed to protect and preserve the
environment and ensure the sustainable development of its natural resources, and Electronic
Commerce Act of 2000 (Republic Act No. 8792) which outlaws computer hacking and provides
opportunities for new businesses emerging from the Internet-driven New Economy. Aside from
these, in his first State of the Nation Address, President Estrada launched a full-scale program
based on cost-effective irrigation technologies. He also announced that Dole-outs are out, which
meant basic health care, basic nutrition, and useful education for those who want, but cannot
afford it. Lastly, he said that they would speed up the program to establish one science high
school in every province. It was in his second State of the Nation Address that President Estrada
announced the passage of the Clean Air Act, and the decision to pursue the 15-year
modernization program of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. His last State of the Nation
Address pushed for the advancement of industries and schools into the Internet age, as well as
the announcement of the passage of the e-Commerce Act.
 In the Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo administration, the science and technology
sector of the Philippines was dubbed as the “golden age” of science and
technology by then secretary Estrella Albastro . Numerous laws and projects
that concerns both the environment and science to push technology as a tool
to increase the country’s economic level. This is to help increase the
productivity from Science, Technology and Innovations (STI) and help benefit
the poor people. Moreover, the term “Filipinnovation” was the coined term
used in helping the Philippines to be an innovation hub in Asia.
 The STI was developed further by strengthening the schools and education
system such as the Philippine Science High School (PSHS), which focuses in
science, technology and mathematics in their curriculum. This helps schools
produce get more involve in this sector. Private sectors were also encouraged
to participate in developing the schools through organizing events and
sponsorships. Future Filipino scientists and innovators can be produced
through this system
 Helping the environment was one of the focus in developing technology in the
Philippines. One of the more known laws to be passed by her administration
was the R.A. 9367 or the “Biofuels” act. This act promotes the development
and usage of biofuels throughout the country. This potentially enables a
cheaper alternative to gasoline as a medium in producing energy. Also, this
benefits the environment since it boasts a cleaner emission compared to
regular fuel. Yet, setbacks such as lack of raw materials is holding the full
implementation of the laws since importing the necessary materials are
imported more. On one had, drought-free rice was also highly encouraged to
by used during her term. This enables farmers to produce rice despite the
environmental hazards that slows or stops the production.
 In an effort to improve the efficiency of both land and water, the government
imposes Republic Act 10601 which improves the Agriculture and Fisheries
Sector through Mechanization (AFMech). RA 10601 covers research,
development, and extension (RDE), promotion, distribution, supply, assembling,
manufacturing, regulation, use, operation, maintenance and project
implementation of agricultural and fisheries machinery and equipment (Section
4).
 In 2014, President Aquino conferred four new National Scientist for their
contribution in the Scientific field, Academicians Gavino C. Trono, Angel C.
Alcala, Ramon C. Barba, and Edgardo D. Gomez was honored in their
respective fields. Trono’s contribution helped a lot of families in the coastal
populations through the extensives studies he made on seaweed species. On
the other hand, Alcala served as the pioneer scientist and advocate of coral
reefs aside from his contribution in the fields of systematics, secology and
herpetology. Barba’s contribution changes the seasonal supply of fresh fruits
to an all year round availability of mangoes through his studies on the
induction of flowering of mango and micropropagation of important crop
species. Lastly, Gomez steered the national-scale assessment of damage
coral reefs which led a national conservation.
IS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HELPING US? IF YES, IN WHAT
WAYS? IF NOT, WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS?

 Yes because new technology impacts our daily lives in every field, from the cars, cell
phones, computers and networks and power. New information technology was developed
in 1940's and 1950's for the better working of military and universities. Science and
technology enables every people to live in an easy and modern way of life. It is believed
that scientific discovery and technological innovations in medical science will be able to
cure cancer, HIV-AIDS and other life threatening diseases. India has made fast progress in
the frontline areas of science and technology like space research and atomic energy.
Science and technology is used as an effectual instrument for progress and change.
Innovative methods, products and better quality goods have been developed in the
country.
 Yes, Science and technology enables every people to live in an easy and modern way of life. It
opens the door and allows people to enter into a new world which is fully developed and well
civilized. With the arrival of the internet and the cell phone, kids are also benefited.
 
 Scientific knowledge can improve the quality of life at many different levels—from the routine
workings of our everyday lives to global issues. Science informs public policy and personal
decisions on energy, conservation, agriculture, health, transportation, communication, defense,
economics, leisure, and exploration.

 Science and technology has made life a lot easier and also a lot better with the advancement of
medicines and analysis on diseases. Apart from the medical side, there has been remarkable
development in education, communication, agriculture, industry etc.

 Technology uses science to solve problems, and science uses technology to make new
discoveries. The goal of technology is to find solutions to practical problems. Although they have
different goals, science and technology work hand in hand, and each helps the other advance.