FOUNDATIONS OF SPECIAL

AND INCLUSIVE EDUCATION

FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION ARE THOSE
SYSTEMS OR SCIENCES UPON WHICH
EDUCATION STANDS AND HAS ITS ROOTS,
ORIGINS, OR BASES. FOUNDATIONS OF
EDUCATION ARE THOSE FROM WHICH
EDUCATION AROSE AND CAME INTO BEING.
THERE ARE SIX FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION
1. PSYCHOLOGICAL
2. SOCIOLOGICAL
3. ANTHROPOLOGICAL
4. HISTORICAL
5. PHILOSOPHICAL
6. LEGAL
 PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS
OF EDUCATION

PSYCHOLOGY – it is the study of human behavior,

of how a person acts and reacts under different
situations, consciously or unconsciously, mentally,
physiologically, physically, overtly, or covertly. It is
the study of man’s reactions to stimulations.
STIMULUS
STIMULATION
SENSATION
MOTIVATION
 SOCIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF
EDUCATION

SOCIOLOGY – it is the study of human beings

living in groups, of how people act and interact under
different social institutions, and how
they relate themselves to one another. Terms that indicate
group action are used here such as cooperate, team
work, sociable, conflict, etc.
 ANTHROPOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS
OF EDUCATION
ANTHROPOLOGY – it is the study of civilization and
cultures of people: their origins, customs, traditions, beliefs,
mores, folkways, and practices. Also included are
languages, forms of writing, tools and weapons, buildings,
and other physical structures.
 HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF
EDUCATION

HISTORY – it is the study of past events that makes us

understand the present situation, and to enable us to predict
future events.
 PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF
EDUCATION

PHILOSOPHY – it is a systematized truth or principle that

serves as a guide for conduct or thinking. Philosophy is a
fixed idea or principle arrived at after a very rigid
scrutiny or study of the state of things, situations, or events
 LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF
EDUCATION

LEGAL – legality refers to the conformity to the

laws passed by the state to establish and guide the
conduct of an educational system. The Constitution
is the most important legal document that establishes
and guides the conduct of an educational system. It
contains the philosophy of education of the country.
 COMPONENTS IN THE EDUCATIVE
PROCESS

1. The Learner
2. The teaching-learning process
3. The Teacher
4. Policy Maker
 SCOPE OF SOCIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS

Major concerns of the society which form the sociological

foundations of education are the following
1. Conservation, development, and improvement of
human resources.
2. Conservation, development, and utilization of natural
resources
3. Production, distribution, and consumption of economic
goods
 SCOPE OF SOCIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS

Major concerns of the society which form the sociological

foundations of education are the following.
4. Land, water, and air transportation and communication.
5. Communication of facts and ideas.
6. Utilization of leisure time.
7. Expression of ethical impulses.
8. Expression of aesthetic impulses.
 SCOPE OF SOCIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS

Major concerns of the society which form the sociological

foundations of education are the following.
9. Organization and administration of government
10. Change in society
a. Industrialization
b. Urbanization
c. Improved transportation and mobility of population
d. Working mothers and children
 SCOPE OF SOCIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS

Major concerns of the society which form the sociological

foundations of education are the following.
10. Change in society
e. Desire for more consumer goods and material
things
f. Overseas employment
g. Increased desire for education
11. Social Stratification
 SCOPE OF SOCIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS

Major concerns of the society which form the sociological

foundations of education are the following.
12. Social Groups
13. Social Problems
14. Cultural Values
 SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

Social stratification always takes place in a society. There

can be no social stratification without society.
 MEANING OF SOCIETY

There are several definitions of society given by eminent

authorities but the definitions all point out at the
following as the characteristics of society.
1. A society is an organized group of people.
2. The people occupy a portion of territory.
3. The people show a distinct and continuous way of life
with a comprehensive culture.
 MEANING OF SOCIETY

4. The people perpetuate their group by sexual

reproduction.
5. The people think of themselves as a distinct group
who have common sentiments and loyalties.
6. The individual, under certain circumstances,
sacrifices himself for the good of the group.
 SOCIAL STATUS

Social status is the social class to which one

belongs. It is the class into which his socio-economic
standing fits.
Ascribed status is due to the accident of birth. It is the
class into which one is born. If one is born into a rich
family, then he belongs to the rich class. If one is born
into a poor family, then he belongs to a poor class.
 SOCIAL STATUS

Achieved status is earned or acquired by

means of a talent and effort-making capacity of an
individual or by force of circumstances.
 DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL STATUS OR
CLASS

The following are some of determinants of social class

which are arranged from highest scale to lowest scale
A. Occupational and Income Scale
1. owners and high officials of big business
enterprises; high government officials; professionals who
have gained notable expertise and prestige; superstars in
the show business. Amounts of income are very high.
 DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL STATUS OR
CLASS

The following are some of determinants of social class

which are arranged from highest scale to lowest scale
A. Occupational and Income Scale
2. lower officials of big business enterprises; owners
and officials of smaller business; professionals with
moderate success; lower government officials; movie stars
with moderate success. Amounts of income are high
 DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL STATUS OR
CLASS

The following are some of determinants of social class

which are arranged from highest scale to lowest scale
A. Occupational and Income Scale
3. employees performing clerical jobs. Amounts of
income are average. Also included here are skilled
workers and small store owners. Incomes are average
 DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL STATUS OR
CLASS

The following are some of determinants of social class

which are arranged from highest scale to lowest scale
A. Occupational and Income Scale
4. unskilled workers, laborers, tenant farmers, domestic
helpers, small vendors. Incomes are below average.
5. semi-employed, underemployed, or even jobless.
Incomes are very low.
 DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL STATUS OR
CLASS

The following are some of determinants of social class

which are arranged from highest scale to lowest scale
B. Education
1. Graduates from post collegiate courses such as
graduate in medicine and law
2. College graduate
3. High school graduate
 DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL STATUS OR
CLASS

The following are some of determinants of social class

which are arranged from highest scale to lowest scale
B. Education
4. Elementary graduates
5. Primary graduates
6. Below primary schooling
 DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL STATUS OR
CLASS

The following are some of determinants of social class

which are arranged from highest scale to lowest scale
C. House Type
1. Excellent houses- palatial, made of concrete and fin
lumber , air conditioned, with garage for one or more cars,
spacious and well-kept yard, landscaped and well-kept
lawn, and fully furnished. The yard is well fenced.
 DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL STATUS OR
CLASS
The following are some of determinants of social class
which are arranged from highest scale to lowest scale
C. House Type
2. Very good houses – big but not so palatial, made
of concrete and fine lumber, air conditioned, with garage
for one or more cars, with fairly spacious yard and
landscaped lawn, and fully furnished. The yard is well
fenced.
 DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL STATUS OR
CLASS
The following are some of determinants of social class
which are arranged from highest scale to lowest scale
C. House Type
3. Good houses- fairly big, made of concrete and fine
lumber, either air-conditioned or not, with a garage for one
car, with a small yard but well-fenced, with substantial
furnishing.
 DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL STATUS OR
CLASS

The following are some of determinants of social class

which are arranged from highest scale to lowest scale
C. House Type
4. Average houses-not so big, semi-concrete, not air-
conditioned, no garage, a very small yard or a big yard but
not well-kept or fenced, usually unfurnished.
 DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL STATUS OR
CLASS

The following are some of determinants of social class

which are arranged from highest scale to lowest scale
C. House Type
5. Fair houses- usually small but enough for a family,
made of wood and other light materials, with a small yard
and sometimes not fenced, usually unfurnished.
 DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL STATUS OR
CLASS

The following are some of determinants of social class

which are arranged from highest scale to lowest scale
C. House Type
6. Poor houses- usually small, made of light and
flammable materials, with very little or no privacy at all, no
furnishings.
 DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL STATUS OR
CLASS

The following are some of determinants of social class

which are arranged from highest scale to lowest scale
C. House Type
7. Very poor houses- usually a one-room affair, made of
cardboards and other light and flammable materials, no
yard of its own but very close to other houses of the same
kind, easily blown down during typhoons.
 D. Dwelling Area
1. Very affluent- these are first class subdivisions with
well-paved streets and very sanitary, usually
residences of very rich people. Lots are very costly.
2. Affluent- these are also good subdivisions, the
residents are also rich and the lots are also costly.
3. Fairly affluent-these may or may not be subdivisions
but places distinct by themselves and good enough for
the people to go about their daily chores in peace.
 D. Dwelling Area

4. Not affluent- these are the dwelling places of the great

majority of the common people. Most of the residents are
not well-to-do but not so poor and they can still manage to
lead an ordinary life.
5. Poor- most of the people here are poor and there is a
great need for improvement, but the residents can still
manage to lead a livable life.
 D. Dwelling Area

6. Very Poor- these are places where the people are very
poor and can hardly manage to live. These are the slum
areas where the living quarters of the families are so close
to each other that there is hardly space to move about.
 SOCIAL MOBILITY

Social Mobility is the ease by which people move from

one social class to another. In the Philippines, since there
is no law impeding the changing of one’s social class,
there are several opportunities of improving one’s social
class. Some of these opportunities are the following:
 SOCIAL MOBILITY
1. By effort-making
a. By obtaining an education
This is the best way of improving one’s lot in life, and
thus climb the social ladder. Many poor boys and girls who
have worked during the day and studied at night have
been very successful in their professional practice. Some
have been acquired some kind of political power.
 SOCIAL MOBILITY

b. By exploiting a talent

There are many boys and girls with special talents.

They can rise to prominence by exploiting their talents to
the fullest.
 SOCIAL MOBILITY
c. By hard work and resourcefulness

A woman started her business career by selling odd things

such as soap, children’s bread and candies, thread balls,
etc. from house to house. Then she was able to open a
one-meter-wide store in her town. Through the years, she
kept on expanding her business until she became one of
the big store owners of her town. Later, she was also able
to acquire some passenger jeeps for hire.
 SOCIAL MOBILITY

2. By force of circumstances
a. By marriage

When a poor girl marries a rich boy, then she also

becomes rich. The same is true when a poor boy weds a
rich girl. The boy also becomes rich. There was a Filipina
maid who married her millionaire boss and she became a
millionaire, too.
 SOCIAL MOBILITY

b. By just being lucky

There was a small store owner in a certain city who

won first prize in a Sweepstakes draw. He made wise
investments with his money and now his heirs have good
business establishments in the city in the form of movie
houses, hotels, buildings, offices for rent, and real estate.
 STATUS SYMBOLS

 Certainthings are considered indicators of the social class to

which one belongs. A palatial house means that the owner is
rich and that he belongs to the upper class. A car owner
belongs to the upper class or middle class depending upon the
expensiveness of the car. Jewelry is another status symbol. If
one wears very expensive jewelry, it means he or she belongs
to the upper class. Even the places where one lives is
associated with social status.
 ROLE

Role is a function or duty that an individual has to perform on account of

his position in society. A role may be obligatory or cultural. An obligatory
role is assigned to a person because of the nature of his position. A
cultural role is a function or duty assigned to an individual by culture or
custom. The main difference between the two terms is that in the
obligatory role, position and role or function are inseparable, one cannot
exist without the other whereas in the cultural or customary role, the
individual may not perform his role or function associated with his position
but his position cannot be taken away from him.
 EFFECTS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN
LEARNING

Social stratification has certain effects upon learning. These

are as follows: (Bustos and Espiritu, p. 51)
1. Children belonging to a poor disadvantaged family do not
aspire much for higher education. This is due to the belief of
the family that since it cannot afford to send its children to
higher institutions of learning, it is enough that the children
are able to read and write. This is the effect of the low socio-
economic status of the family.
 EFFECTS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN
LEARNING

Social stratification has certain effects upon learning. These

are as follows: (Bustos and Espiritu, p. 51)
2. Children coming from lower class families have very little
exposure to the influence of mass media such as newspapers,
magazines, books and other learning materials, radio and
television. Hence, their learning experiences are confined
within the classroom only
 EFFECTS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN
LEARNING

Social stratification has certain effects upon learning. These

are as follows: (Bustos and Espiritu, p. 51)
3. In most cases, the educational attainment of a child matches
the socio-economic status of his family. However, in the
Philippines, more and more children coming from lower class
families are attaining higher education. This is due to the desire
of the parents to save their children from undergoing the same
hardships that the former have experienced.
 CHECK UP TEST

I. Identify the item referred to in each of the following statements.

__________1. The division of society into different hierarchical classes according to

certain criteria.
__________2.The ease by which people move from one social class to another.
__________3. The function or duty that an individual has to perform on account of
his position in society.
__________4. Things that indicate to what social classes people belong.
__________5. The social class to which one belongs.
 CHECK UP TEST

II. Answer the following questions.

1. What are the determinants of social status? How do they determine social
status?
2. How can an individual move from one social status to another? Discuss the
means.
3. How does social stratification affect society?