WHAT IS RESEARCH

 Is a systematic inquiry that uses disciplined

methods to answer questions or solve problems.
The ultimate goals of research are to develop,
and expand a body of knowledge.
Characteristics of Research
Systematic

Objectives

Feasible

Empirical

Clear
Roles of researcher
1. Principal investigator
2. Member of a research team
3. Identifier of researchable problems
4. Evaluator of research findings
5. User of research findings
6. Patient/client advocate during study
7. Subject/respondent/participant
 Types of research
Basic or Pure research

Applied research
Goals in Conducting Research
1. To produce evidence-based practice
2. To establish credibility in the profession
3. To observe accountability for the
profession
4. To promote cost-effectiveness through
documentation
 Ethical Codes and Policies for
Honesty
Research
Responsible mentoring
Objectivity Respect for colleagues
Integrity Social responsibility
Care Non-discrimination
Openness Competence
Respect for intellectual Legality
property Human subjects'
Confidentiality protection
 Rights of Research Participants

1. Voluntary participation
2. Informed consent
3. Risk of harm
4. Confidentiality
5. Anonymity
The Research Title, Sources,
and Considerations and
Various Elements
The Research Title
Should summarize the main
idea of the paper
Should be a concise statement of the main
topic
Must include the major variable/s
Should show the relationship of the main
variables under study and
Must be self-explanatory
The Researcher must be reminded of the
following:

Word such as methods, results, and

investigations appear redundant when
used in thesis titles.

The title must have 10 to 15 words.

Source of Research Problems
1. A feeling of discomfort
2. Perceived difficulties in the management and the
leadership system
3. Gap between the theory and the practice
4. Daily experiences of a person the require further
inquiry especially if improvements are desired
and/or
5. A procedure the requires technologically
advanced equipment which need to function
properly.
Considerations in Formulating a research
Problem
A . External Criteria
1. Novelty
2. Availability of subjects
3. Administrative support
4. Availability and adequacy of facilities
and equipment
5. Ethical considerations
B. Internal Criteria
1. Experience, training, and professional
qualifications
2. Motivation, interest, intellectual curiosity, and
perceptiveness of the researcher
3. Time factor
4. Costs and returns
5. Hazards, penalties, and handicaps
 The Problem or The problem and Its Background

It has the following essential elements:

a. Introduction
b. Statement of the Problem
c. Scope and Delimitation

d. Significance of the Study

The following questions aid the researcher
in formulating the introduction:
What is the rationale of the problem?
What is the setting of the problem?
What is the basic literature foundation of the
study?
How serious is the chosen research problem?
What is the general objectives of the
problem?
What is the overall purpose of the problem?
Statement of the Problem
After the researcher has clarified the
rationale, identified the degree of
seriousness of the problem, the
literature review, and the overall
objective, the formulation of the
heart of the thesis the statement of
the general and the specific
problems must be done.
The specific problems are usually stated as
questions the researcher seeks to answer

1. They must be in question form.

2. They must define the population and the

sample of the study the respondents.

3. They must identify the variables being

studied.

4. They must be empirically testable.

Two general types of questions

Non-researchable questions

Researchable questions
Types of Research Questions

I. Factor-isolating questions

II. Factor-relating questions

III. Situation-relating questions

IV. Situation-producing questions

 The Scope and
Delimitation and the
Significance of the Study
The Scope and Delimitation
◦ The scope of the study is determined by
the major variables while the
delimitation is identified by the sub-
variables and their characteristics, and
attributes or the indicators. It is also
beneficial to mention the locale or
setting of the research and when the data
will be gathered.
Kinds of Variables
1. Variables according to the number of
categories
a. Categorical variables

b. Dichotomous variables

c. Polychotomous variables

d. Continuous variables
2. Variables used in an experiment
a. Independent variables
b. Dependent variables

3. Variables according to their nature

c. Concrete variables
d. Abstract variables

4. Variables according to the number being studied

e. Univariate study
f. Bivariate study
g. Polyvariate study
Significance of the Study
◦ The significance of the study must also
discuss the importance of the study to
society, the country, the government, the
community or to the institution, the agency
concerned, the curriculum planners and
developers, and to other researchers.
Paradigm of the Study
◦ Defined as a pattern, model, or set of
forms which contains particular elements.
It is a scientific imagination of the
researcher which is expressed visually
through drawings or sketches. When used
in scientific work, the symbols must be
specific in meaning.
The common paradigm or models of the study are:
1. IPO (input-process-output) model.

• Profile of entrepreneurs
a. Age
b. Sex
Analysis of data Improved role of
c. Seminars
through the entrepreneurs
• Roles of entrepreneurs
questionnaire,
a. Assessment
informal Higher returns
b. Planning
interviews, and
c. Implementation
statistical Better quality of
d. Evaluation
treatment services
• Specimen collection
• performance

Entrepreneurs’ Roles Toward Improved Work Performance

2. IV-DV (independent variable-dependent
variable) Model. Experiment-based studies
Example:

Teaching methodology
Level of performance
used by instructors of college students
• Computer-assisted • Academic grades
• Instruction • Practicum grades
• Demonstration method • Parent`s
satisfaction
Effects of Computer-Assisted Instruction and
Demonstration Method to the Level of Performance of
College Students
3. CP (criterion-predictor)model. Studies that
focus on relationships, associations,
differences, and effects
Example:
Teaching competence of Level of performance of
clinical instructors nursing students
• Knowledge level • Academic grades
• Pedagogical skills • Related Learning
• Classroom management Experience (RLE)
skills performance
• Patient`s satisfaction

Relationship of the Teaching Competence of Clinical

Instructors to the Level of Performance of Nursing Students
4. – P model stands for additional box. Studies that
propose a program or intervention
Example: Analysis of data through the
Analysis of data through the
• Profile of entrepreneurs questionnaire and informal
a. Age interviews and statistical
b. Sex treatment
c. Seminars attended
• Roles of entrepreneurs
a. Assessment Improved roles of entrepreneurs
b. Planning Higher returns
c. Implementation Better quality of services
d. Evaluation
• Specimen collection
• Performance
Proposed Intervention Program

The Proposed Program for Improved Quality Service of Entrepreneurs

5. POM (proposed original model) Used to
present Original Paradigm
• Infection control
Student Extent of
practices
respondent`s participation in
• Preparation of IV
profile infection control
fluids
• Age program
• Preparation of IV
medication
• Gender CI`s assessment of
• Assistance in the
the students`
administration of IV
• Civil status extent of
medications
participation in
• Skin care
• Hospital infection control
• Umbilical cord care
assignment practices
• Eye care

Enhanced Related Learning Experience (RLE)

Supervisory Program
 The Hypothesis and Assumptions of the
Study

Is a tentative prediction about the

relationship between two or more
variables in a population under study.
 Kinds of Hypothesis
1. Simple hypothesis
2. Complex hypothesis
3. Directional hypothesis
4. Non-directional hypothesis
5. Null hypothesis
6. Research hypothesis