Fracture in general

• Type of fracture:
1. Simple or closed
2. Compound or open

• Simple fracture – no environmental contact

• Compound – contact through wound
• Transverse
• Oblique
• Spiral
• Impacted
• Comminuted
• Segmented
• Incomplete
• Compression
• Greenstick
• Avulsion
• Displacement of Fracture:
• Lateral
• Angular
• Overriding
• Rotational
 Diagnosis of fracture:
• History of sudden Taruma
• Pathological fracture
• Symptoms of fracture:
• Pain
• Localized swelling- haemorrhage,
inflammation
• Deformity- displaced/ dislocation
• Loss of movement
• Inability to use/ bear weight
• Sign of Fracture:
• Muscle Spasm and tenderness
• Odema
• Warmth
• Crepitus
• Deformity
• Abnormal Mobility
• Ecchymosis
• Investigation:
• Radiograph
• CT Scan
• MRI
• Bone scan
• Healing Of fracture:
• Inflammatory phase:
- Haematoma Formation, Vasodilation,
Histocytes, Mast cells, PMNL
- New Granulation Tissue formation
• Cellular proliferation Phase:
- Granulation tissue- develop bridge- callus
formation- external and medullary area
• Remodelling Phase:
- Normal ossification- consolidation- osteoblast
and osteoclast
• Union of fracture:
- Type of bone
- Thickness of bone
- Extent of blood supply
- Site of fracture
- Position of bony ends
- Age of patient
• Treatment of Fracture:
- To achieve anatomical alignment
- To ensure correct immobilization
- To reduce inflammation
- To reduce pain
- To provide necessary compressive force to the
embryonic callus
- To restore maximum possible function