Kuliah 7 Kurva Indifference

Periaku Rumahtangga part II
dan Pilihan Konsumen :

Teori Nilai Guna
Prepared by:
Fernando & Yvonn Quijano
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Microeconomics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster
BAB 6 Perilaku Rumahtangga & Pilihan Konsumen : Teori Nilai Guna
 FIGURE II.1 Firm and Household Decisions

Households demand in output markets and supply labor and capital in input markets.
To simplify our analysis, we have not included the government and international sectors in
this circular flow diagram. These topics will be discussed in detail later.
 FIGURE II.2 Firm and Household Decisions

To understand how the economy works, it helps to build from the ground up. We start in Chapters 6–8 with an
overview of household and firm decision making in simple perfectly competitive markets.
In Chapters 9–11, we see how firms and households interact in output markets (product markets) and input markets
(labor/land and capital) to determine prices, wages, and profits. Once we have a picture of how a simple perfectly
competitive economy works, we begin to relax assumptions.
Chapter 12 is a pivotal chapter that links perfectly competitive markets with a discussion of market imperfections and
the role of government.
In Chapters 13–18, we cover the three noncompetitive market structures (monopoly, monopolistic competition, and
oligopoly), externalities, public goods, imperfect information, and income distribution as well as taxation and
government finance.
Assumptions Pertaining to all of Chapters 6 through Chapter 12
perfect knowledge The assumption that households

possess a knowledge of the qualities and prices of
everything available in the market and that firms have
all available information concerning wage rates, capital
costs, and output prices.
perfect competition An industry structure in which

there are many firms, each small relative to the
industry and producing virtually identical products,
and in which no firm is large enough to have any
control over prices.
homogeneous products Undifferentiated outputs;

products that are identical to or indistinguishable from
one another.
BAGIAN II : SISTEM PASAR
Teori Perilaku
6
Konsumen :
Analisis Kurva Kepuasan CHAPTER OUTLINE
Household Choice in Output Markets
Sama The Determinants of Household Demand
The Budget Constraint
The Basis of Choice: Utility
Diminishing Marginal Utility
Allocating Income to Maximize Utility
The Utility-Maximizing Rule
Diminishing Marginal Utility and
Downward-Sloping Demand
Income and Substitution Effects
The Income Effect
The Substitution Effect
Consumer Surplus
Household Choice in Input Markets
The Labor Supply Decision
The Price of Leisure
Income and Substitution Effects of a
Wage Change
Saving and Borrowing: Present
versus Future Consumption
A Review: Households in Output and
Input Markets
Appendix: Indifference Curves
KURVA KEPUASAN SAMA

Asumsi
• Seorang konsumen hanya membeli

dan mengkonsumsi dua barang (misal
pakaian dan makanan).
• Selera konsumen tidak berubah
• Konsumen bebas untuk menentukan
kombinasi konsumsinya
Asumsi
• Seorang konsumen hanya membeli

dan mengkonsumsi dua barang (misal
pakaian dan makanan).
• Selera konsumen tidak berubah
• Konsumen bebas untuk menentukan
kombinasi konsumsinya
Kurva Kepuasan Sama :
Contoh Angka dan Grafik
Gabungan Brg A Brg B MRS a,b Kurva Kepuasan Sama

Barang
12
A
A 10 2 10
Jumlah Barang A
B 7 3 3/1 = 3 8
B
C 5 4 2/1 = 2 6 C
D
D 4 5 1 4
E
F
E 2,8 7 0.6 2
F 2 10 0.27 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Jumlah Barang B
Kurva Kepuasan Sama : Definisi
Kurva kepuasan sama : Kurva Kepuasan Sama

kurva yang menggambarkan 12
gabungan atau kombinasi 10

A
konsumsi barang-barang
Jumlah Barang A
(barang A dan B) yang 8 B
memberikan kepuasan yang 6 C

D
sama bagi konsumen. 4
E
F
2
Indifference Curve 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Jumlah Barang B
Marginal Rate Subsitution
(Tingkat Penggantian Marginal)
Perhatikan perubahan kombinasi

Kurva Kepuasan Sama
A ke B!
• Konsumsi barang B dari 2 12 A
menjadi 3.
Jumlah Barang A
10
• Konsumsi barang A dari 10 B
menjadi 7. 8
C
D
6
E
 Untuk mempertahankan
tingkat kepuasannya, 4 F
kenaikan 1 unit barang A

2
harus dibayar dengan
mengurangi 3 unit barang B 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Jumlah Barang B
Marginal Rate Subsitution
(Tingkat Penggantian Marginal)
Gabungan Brg A Brg B MRS a,b Faktor-faktor yang menjelaskan MRS

Barang
yang semakin kecil :
• Jika konsumen bersedia
A 10 2 mengurangi konsumsi yang lebih
B 7 3 3/1 = 3 banyak untuk memperoleh
tambahan 1 unit barang yang relatif
C 5 4 2/1 = 2 sedikit.
• Semakin bertambah barang yang
D 4 5 0
diperoleh, semakin sedikit barang
E 2,8 7 0.6 lain yang bersedia dikurangi untuk
memperoleh tambahan 1 unit
F 2 10 0.27 barang tersebut.
 Karena itu, IC memiliki slope yang

semakin menurun
Peta Kurva Kepuasan Sama
Kurva Kepuasan Sama
• Semakin menjauh dari

12
A
titik 0, maka semakin 10
Jumlah Barang B
banyak kombinasi barang 8 B
yang bisa dikonsumsi. C
6
• Semakin menjauh dari D
E
titik 0, maka semakin tinggi 4
F
tinggi tingkat kepuasan 2
yang diperoleh konsumen.

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Jumlah Barang A
(Budget Line)
Garis Anggaran
Problema Konsumen
Bagaimanakah konsumen harus membelanja-

kan pendapatan yang diperolehnya sehingga
memberikan kepuasan yang maksimum??
Peta Kurva Kepuasan Sama
Kurva Kepuasan Sama
• Semakin menjauh dari

12
A
titik 0, maka semakin 10
Jumlah Barang B
banyak kombinasi barang 8 B
yang bisa dikonsumsi. C
6
• Semakin menjauh dari D
E
titik 0, maka semakin tinggi 4
F
tinggi tingkat kepuasan 2
yang diperoleh konsumen.

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Jumlah Barang A
Garis Anggaran : Contoh Angka
Misalkan seorang konsumen

mengalokasikan Rp. 900.000.
Garis Anggaran
Harga barang A = Rp. 60.000
12
Harga Barang B = Rp. 90.000

10
Jumlah Barang B
Gabungan Brg A Brg B 8
A 15 0 6
B 12 2 4
C 9 4 2
D 6 6 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
E 3 8
Jumlah Barang A
F 0 10
Pilihan Rumahtangga pada Pasar Output
Batasan/Kendala Anggaran (Budget Constraint)

Batasan atas pilihan rumahtangga karena pendapatan,
kekayaan dan harga produk
TABLE 6.1 Possible Budget Choices of a Person Earning $1,000 Per Month After
Taxes
Monthly Other
Option Rent Food Expenses Total Available?
A $ 400 $250 $350 $1,000 Yes
B 600 200 200 1,000 Yes
C 700 150 150 1,000 Yes
D 1,000 100 100 1,200 No
Serangkaian Pilihan atau Oportunitas Seperangkat pilihat

yang ditentukan dan dibatasi oleh kendala anggaran
Pilihan Rumahtangga pada Pasar Output
Preferensi, Selera, Trade-Off, dan Biaya Oportunitas

 FIGURE 6.1 Budget Constraint and
Opportunity Set for Ann and Tom
A budget constraint memilah
kombinasi barang dan jasa yang
tersedia, dengan batasan pendapatan
tertentu, antara yang terjangkau dan
tidak . Kombinasi yang terjangkau
membentuk serangkaian pilihan atau
oportunitas
Pendapatan riil Serangkaian

oprtunitas untuk membeli
barang dan jasa riil yang
tersedia bagi rumahtangga
yang ditentukan oleh
pendapatan uang dan harga
Akibat Perubahan Harga & Pendapatan
Terhadap Budget Line
Perubahan Harga Perubahan Pendapatan
Garis Anggaran Garis Anggaran

12 12
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
CONSUMER CHOICE
 FIGURE 6A.3 Consumer Utility-

Maximizing Equilibrium
Consumers will choose the
combination of X and Y that
maximizes total utility.
Graphically, the consumer will move
along the budget constraint until the
highest possible indifference curve is
reached. At that point, the budget
constraint and the indifference curve
are tangent. This point of tangency
occurs at X* and Y* (point B).
At point B:
MU X PX
 
MU Y PY
MU X MU Y

PX PY
DERIVING A DEMAND CURVE FROM INDIFFERENCE CURVES AND
BUDGET CONSTRAINTS
 FIGURE 6A.4 Deriving a Demand Curve from Indifference Curves and Budget Constraint
Indifference curves are labeled i1, i2, and i3; budget constraints are shown by the three diagonal
lines from I/PY to I/PX1, I/PX2 and I/PX3. Lowering the price of X from PX 1to PX 2and then to swivels the
budget constraint to the right. At each price, there is a different utility-maximizing combination of X
and Y. Utility is maximized at point A on i1, point B on i2, and point C on i3. Plotting the three
prices against the quantities of X chosen results in a standard downward-sloping demand curve.

Kuliah 7 Kurva Indifference

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Periaku Rumahtangga part II

dan Pilihan Konsumen :

 FIGURE II.1 Firm and Household Decisions

 FIGURE II.2 Firm and Household Decisions

Assumptions Pertaining to all of Chapters 6 through Chapter 12

perfect knowledge The assumption that households

perfect competition An industry structure in which

homogeneous products Undifferentiated outputs;

KURVA KEPUASAN SAMA

• Seorang konsumen hanya membeli

• Seorang konsumen hanya membeli

Gabungan Brg A Brg B MRS a,b Kurva Kepuasan Sama

Kurva kepuasan sama : Kurva Kepuasan Sama

gabungan atau kombinasi 10

memberikan kepuasan yang 6 C

Perhatikan perubahan kombinasi

kenaikan 1 unit barang A

Gabungan Brg A Brg B MRS a,b Faktor-faktor yang menjelaskan MRS

 Karena itu, IC memiliki slope yang

Kurva Kepuasan Sama

• Semakin menjauh dari

yang diperoleh konsumen.

Bagaimanakah konsumen harus membelanja-

Kurva Kepuasan Sama

• Semakin menjauh dari

yang diperoleh konsumen.

Misalkan seorang konsumen

Harga Barang B = Rp. 90.000

Batasan/Kendala Anggaran (Budget Constraint)

A $ 400 $250 $350 $1,000 Yes

B 600 200 200 1,000 Yes

C 700 150 150 1,000 Yes

D 1,000 100 100 1,200 No

Serangkaian Pilihan atau Oportunitas Seperangkat pilihat

Preferensi, Selera, Trade-Off, dan Biaya Oportunitas

Pendapatan riil Serangkaian

Perubahan Harga Perubahan Pendapatan

Garis Anggaran Garis Anggaran

 FIGURE 6A.3 Consumer Utility-

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