SCULPTURE

PRE HISTORIC SCULPTURE

Carving may have mythological or religious

significance.
Example:
Venus of Willendorf - carved with
excessively heavy breast from a limestone.

Venus of Brasempouy - a sculpture of a lady

with a hood.
 Venus of Brasempouy

Venus of Willendorf
SCULPTURE FROM THE EGYPTIAN ERA

Symbolic element were widely used such:

a. Forms c. Relative size
b. Hieroglyphics d. Location

Common materials used are:

a. Wood b. Ivory c. Stone
 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
SCULPTURE
1. Symbolism were heavily used to represent
the gods.
2. Relief composition were arranged in
horizontal line.
3. Most of the time, the gods are shown larger
than humans.
4. Empty space were filled with figures or
hieroglyphics
Examples:
Queen Nefertiti, painted limestone 18th
Dynasty, 1375-1357 BC
- Realistic,with heavy lided eyes, slender neck,
determined chin.

The Pharoah Menkaure and his Queen,

stone 4th Dynasty, 2548 - 2530 B.C.E.
- An example of portraits presented in rigid postures ,
and were simple and powerful with very little show of
private emotion.
 The Pharoah Menkaure
and his Queen

Queen Nefertiti
 SCULPTURE FROM THE CLASSICAL
PERIOD

It shows all points of human anatomy and

proportion.
Hellenistic Style
- one of the most popular style of Greek
sculpture.
Example:
Myron; The Discobolus, 450 B.C.
- Shows an attitude of maximum tension, full of
compressed energy
 Myron; The
Discobolus, 450
B.C.
 ROMAN SCULPTURE

Most Roman sculptures are made of monumental terra

– cotta. Produced Great Roman triumphal columns with
continuous narratives relief around.
Examples:
The Portonacio Sarcophagus between 180-
190 BCE Museu Nationale Romano
• -The best known and most elaborate of all
“sarcophagus”
The Portonacio Sarcophagus
Sarcopagus, from cervetiri, c. 520 BCE, Museo
Nazionale de Villa Giulia, Rome
- a husband and wife are shown reclining
comfortably, as if they were on a couch
 BYZANTINE SCULPTURE

Dominant themes are religious, life scenes and nature.

Animals were used as symbols.
Example:

The Barberini Diptych

- an early example
of Byzantine Ivory
Work.
 ROMANESQUE SCULPTURE

Some of the famous sculptural pieces are reliquaries,

altar frontal, crucifixes and devotional images.
These lightweight images were usually carried in
processions.
Example:
The Last Judgement, tymapnum
- an architectural element with in the arch or
pediment.
The Last Judgement, tymapnum
 GOTHIC SCULPTURE

Possess greater freedom of style. They no longer lay

closely against the wall, but began to project outward.

Example:
The Resurrection
of the Virgin.
ARCHITECTURE
PRE HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE

This architecture is made of huge stone blocks

which were probably intended for burial.

A form of architecture based on megaliths (a

big rock) from the Greek word lithos (stone)
and megas (big). This
 THREE MAIN TYPES OF MEGALITH
STONES

1. Menhir - a huge stone standing vertically on the ground,

usually standing in the middle of the field or arranged in rows.
 THREE MAIN TYPES OF MEGALITH
STONES

2. Dolmens
The word dolmen originated from the expression
taolmaen, which means “stone table”. These structures
are in a form of table consisting of two huge standing
stones supporting a horizontal giant stone. It is
believed that it served as grave or as an altar.
 THREE MAIN TYPES OF MEGALITH
STONES

3. Cromlech
A Brythonic word where “crom” means bent or
curved and “llech” which means slab or flagstones.
Literary it is a circle of standing stones.
Example:
Stonehenge: best preserved megalithic site in
Europe, a group of stones arranged in concentric
circles, with a large external circle
 EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

This architectural style was developed during

the pre-dynastic period 4,000BC.

Characteristics of Egyptian Architecture:

a. The structure has thick sloping walls with
few openings to obtain stability.
 b. The exterior and interior walls along with
columns and piers were covered with
hieroglyphics and pictorial frescoes and
carvings painted in brilliant colors.

c. Ornamentations were symbolic including

scarab (sacred beetle), solar disk and vulture,
common motifs (palmleaves, buds, flower of
lotus, and papyrus plants)
 d. Temples were aligned with astronomically
significant events like solstices and equinox
with precise measurements required in
determining the moment of that particular event.
 EXAMPLES

Pyramids of Giza
- It is the most substantial ancient structure of the
world. The three pyramids are the funerary
structures of the three kings of the fourth dynasty
(2575 to 2465 BC) namely:
a. Khufu (Cheops)
b. Khafa (Chepren)
c. Menkaura (Mycerinus)
The Pyramids of Giza
Mastaba
- It is a type of Egyptian tomb in the form of
a flat roofed, rectangular structure with outward
sloping sides. It was made of mud-bricks or
stone.
 GREEK ARCHITECTURE

Temples consisted of a central shrine or room in

an aisle surrounded by rows of columns.
 EXAMPLES

The Parthenon
- The Greatest Classical temple, ingeniously
engineered to correct an optical illusion.
 ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

They built sturdy stone structures both for use

and to perpetuate their glory.

The emperors erected huge halls and arenas for

public games, baths and procession.
 BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

It has a lot in common with the early Christian

architecture.

Byzantine's advancement in developing

the dome created a new style in global
architecture.
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul 537 B.C.
- Hagia Sophia means “Holy Wisdom”. One of the
biggest domes ever created with 108 feet in diameter.
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE

Romanesqeu architecture displayed solid

masonry walls, rounded arches and masonry
vaults.

It is the period of great building activities in

Europe, castles, churches, monasteries arose
everywhere.
The groin-vaulted crypt of Worcester
Cathedral
 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

This design included two new devices:

pointed arch which enabled builders to
construct much higher ceiling vaults and stone
vaulting borne on a network of stone ribs
supported by piers and clustered pillars.
 Cathedral of
Chartres, also
known as the Notre
dame Cathedral