Structural Effects:

1. Pi Electron Delocalization or Resonance

Structural Effects:
1. Pi Electron Delocalization or Resonance

- There is an increased electron density in the ortho

and para position of the benzene ring
- Direction of delocalization is towards the ring
- There is an electron depletion in the ortho and
para position of the benzene ring
- Direction of delocalization is away to the ring
2. Sigma Electron Delocalization (Hyperconjugation)
- sp3-s carbon is beside the doubly bonded carbon

Ex: Propene
There are 3 hyperconjugation structure
2-butene

2-pentene
1 sp3-s bond  1 Hyperconjugation structures
Primary

2>1>3
Secondary

Tertiary Steric effect