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4.spiral & Zoonosis - Bacillus, Leptospirosis, Jaws
4.spiral & Zoonosis - Bacillus, Leptospirosis, Jaws
Efrida Warganegara
SPIROCHETES - Overview
SPIROCHETE – are long, slender, motile, flexible,
undulating, Gram-negtive bacilli that have
characteristic corkscrew or helical shape
Depending on the species, they can be aerobic,
anaerobic, or facultative anaerobic. Some species are
free-living, and some are part of the normal flora of
human and animals.
Individual cell too small to visualized by direct light
microscopy; can be seen with dark ground
illumination, or other Silver Impregnation or
immunofluoresencent staining.
SPIROCHETES – structural features
Haveunique structure that is responsible for motility
Spirochetes has a central protoplasmic cylinder bounded by a
plasma membrane and a typical gram-negative cell wall.
Unlike other bacilli, this cylinder is enveloped by an outer sheat
composed of glycosaminoglycans.
Between the cell wall and the outer sheath are located multiple
periplasmic flagella that do not protrude from the cell but are
oriented axially. Bundles of these endoflagella (axial fillament)
span the entire length of the cell and are anchored at both ends.
These axial periplasmic flagella rotate like the external flagella of
other motile bacteria, propelling the cell in a corkscrew-lika
manner
SPIROCHETES – structural features
Spirochete that are important human patogen are
confined to three genera :
1) Treponema (T. pallidum - syphilis) STD; T.
pertenue –Yaws and T. carateum – pinta)
non-STD
2) Borrelia (B.burgdorferi - :Lyme disease;
B. recurrentis – Relapsing fever); and
3) Leptospira (L. interrogans – Leptospirosis)
Transmission Spirochates : very susceptible to heat and
drying, so successfully transmission depends on very
close contact.
Yaws and Pinta spread by direct contact from infected
skin lesions, no animal reservoir.
LEPTOSPIROSIS –
Leptospira interrogans
Efrida Warganegara
AETIOLOGY AND TRANSMISSION
Leptospirosis are tightly coiled spirochaetes, 5-15
um long
Active rotational movement and have 2 flagella
-like axial filaments
Best seen by darkfield microscopy – because not
very well stained by dyes
L. interrogans causes disease Leptospirosis, a
slender aerobic Gram negative spirochaetes with
question-mark like hooked ends. There are more
than 250 antigenic types of this species.
AETIOLOGY AND TRANSMISSION
This spesies ingects mammals as rats, causing
chronic kidneys infection with excretion of
large numbers of bacteria in urine
Bacteria are soon killed on drying, heating,
exposure to detergents or desinfectans
They remain viable for several weeks in
stagnant alkaline water or wet soil.
Human are infected by ingestion of or
exposure to contaminated water or food
AETIOLOGY AND TRANSMISSION
Bacteria
are excreted in human urine but
person to person transmission is rare
LEPTOSPIROSIS – SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
Leptospirosis is mainly a disease of animals, but
it can be passed to human.
The causative bacterium enters the body
through a mucous membrane or wound and is
then carried to the urinary system by the blood
stream
Leptospirosisinfections are often
asymptomatic, when sign and symptom do
occur, they begin after an incubation period
average 10 days (range 2 to 30 days)
LEPTOSPIROSIS – SIGN AND
SYMPTOMS
Inmild cases, most common, symptom are
flulike, and include the sudden development of
headache, spiking fever, chills, muscle pain,
bloodshot eyes in the first (septicemia) phase,
then 1-3 days of improvement : heart, brain,
liver, and kidney damage in the second
(immune) phase
LEPTOSPIROSIS - PATHOGENESIS
The bacteria penetrate mucous membranes or breaks
in the skin, multiply in the bloodstream, and are
carried to all parts of the body.
Multiplication
in liver – hepatitis, jaudiceand
hemorrhage; in kidney – uremia and bacteriuria; in
CSF and humor aquos – aseptic meningitis; in eye –
conyuctival and scleral hemorrhage
Septicemiaphase : severe pain with penetration of
body tissues, but little or no tissue damage.
LEPTOSPIROSIS - PATHOGENESIS
Immune phase : damage to cells that line small
blood vessel and clotting of blood. Causes
severe damage to the liver, kidney, heart, brain,
and others organ
The clinical picture depend to some extent on
the particular type of leptospire
Weill’sDisease – severe form with
haemorrhagic complication and kidney and liver
failure – occurs in only 5-10% of patients ill
with leptospirosis
LEPTOSPIROSIS - EPIDEMIOLOGY
Leptospirosis is a zoonosis and man is an un-
natural or ‘end’ host and does not transmit the
infection further.
Efrida Warganegara
YAWS – Treponema pertenue
Yaws (frambesia tropica, polypapilloma tropicum) is
a tropical infection of the skin, bones and joints,
caused by T.pertenue
Transmission : is spread by direct contact (non STD)
with the fluid from a lesion of an infected person.
The disease is most common among children, who
spread it by playing together
Sign and Symptom : disease begin with a round,
hard swelling of the skin, 2-5 cm in diameters. The
center may break open and form ulcer. This initial
skin lesion typically heals after 3-6 months.
YAWS – Treponema pertenue
After week to years, joints and bones may become
painfull, fatique may develop, and new skin lesions may
appears. The skin of the palms of the hands and the
soles of the feet may thick and brek open. The bones
(nose) may become misshapen. After 5 years or more
large areas of skin death with subsequent scarring may
occur.
Prevention : by curing those who have the disease
thereby decreasing the risk of transmission. Where the,
treating the entire community disease is effective.
Improving cleanliness and sanitation will also decrease
spread.
YAWS – Treponema pertenue
E. PENGOBATAN