MMAC

Laplace and Inverse Laplace Transformation

• Need for using Laplace

transformation in control systems:
(1) A system represented by a
differential equation is difficult to
model as a block diagram.

(2) Using Laplace transform , we can

represent the input, output, and system
as separate entities with their
interrelationship being simply
algebraic.

F(s) is called the Laplace transform of

f(t).
 Ordinary Differential Equations
• An ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a differential equation containing
one or more functions of one independent variable and the derivatives of
those functions
• First Order ODE:
First order differential equation is an equation of the form y'+P(x)y+Q(x)=0
Transfer function describing First Order ODE :

• Second Order ODE :

Second order differential equation is an equation of the form y''+P(x)y'+Q(x)y=0.
Transfer function describing Second Order ODE :
Solving First Order ODE in MATLAB
Solving Second Order ODE in MATLAB
 Inverse Laplace in MATLAB

• Syntax :
>>ilaplace(F)
ilaplace(F) returns the Inverse
Laplace Transform of F. By default,
the independent variable is s and
the transformation variable is t. If F
does not contain s, ilaplace uses the
function symvar
Eg:
Continued …
• Dirac Function :
 Zeros of a Transfer Function
• Definition : The zeros of a transfer function are (1) the values of the Laplace
transform variable, s, that cause the transfer function to become zero, or (2) any
roots of the numerator of the transfer function that are common to roots of the
denominator.

• Eg: In

a pole exists at s ˆ=5 , and a zero exists at 2.

• Significance of Zeros : The zeros and poles generate the amplitudes for both the
forced and natural responses
(this can be seen from the calculation of A and B.
 Zeros of a Transfer Function in MATLAB
• Syntax
Z = zero(sys)
Z = zero(sys) returns the zeros of the single-input, single-output (SISO)
dynamic system model, sys. The output is expressed as the reciprocal of the
time units specified in sys.TimeUnit.
Eg: