Masonry and

Asphalt
GROUP 6.1
Abellar, Shena Mae
Jimeno, John Kenneth
Pantoja, Mariebel
Tabao, Eunice
Tan, Ron Gerald
Tanarte, Angelica Kristine
1
Intended Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the session the students should be able to:
familiar with other common materials in construction specifically masonry and
asphalt;
identify different types of masonry and there uses;
identify different uses of asphalt; and
apply the techniques and skills learned in discussion into civil engineering field .

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Module 6.1
▫ Masonry
▫ Common Materials of Masonry Construction
▫ Concrete Masonry Units
▫ Types of Concrete Blocks or Concrete
▫ Classification of CMU
▫ Mortar, Plaster and Grout
▫ Laboratory Test of Materials
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Module 6.1
▫ Asphalt
▫ Bitumen
▫ Asphalt Vs. Bitumen
▫ Properties of Bituminous Materials
▫ Uses of Asphalt
▫ Types of Asphalt
▫ Laboratory Test of Asphalt
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1. What is Masonry
 Masonry
▫ According to Meriam-Webster;
something constructed of materials
used by masons.
▫ Masonry consists of building
structures by laying individual
masonry units (bricks, stones,
concrete blocks, etc.)

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 Masonry
▫ Masonry is the building of structures
from individual units, which are
often laid in and bound together by
mortar; the term masonry can also
refer to the units themselves.

7
Masonry
Common Materials of Masonry Construction
▫ Bricks
▫ Building Stone
▫ Cast Stone
▫ Concrete Block
▫ Glass Block
▫ Cob or Cobb
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Bricks
▫ Bricks are rectangular blocks of
baked clay used for building
walls, pavements and other
elements in masonry, which are
usually red or brown.

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10
 Building Stone
▫ Stones for construction purposes are
obtained by quarrying from solid
massive rocks.
▫ The building stones should be hard,
durable, tough, and should be free from
weathered soft patches of material,
cracks, and other defects that are
responsible for the reduction of strength
and durability.

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 Building Stone
▫ Many types of stones are available
that can be used as construction
materials. Such as basalt, marble,
limestone, sandstone, quartzite,
travertine, slate, gneiss, laterite, and
granite

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 Cast Stone
▫ Decorative cast stone is a highly
refined building material
manufactured from a mixture of
portland cement, coarse
aggregates and fine aggregates to
simulate natural cut stone.

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 Concrete Block
▫ A concrete block is primarily
used as a building material in
the construction of walls.
▫ It is one of the several precast
concrete products used in
construction to form desired
height and length of the walls.

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 Glass Block
▫ Glass blocks, which are sometimes
called glass bricks, are often squares.
Used in wall fabrication and
decorative windows, can be used in
flooring and some furniture building.
▫ Offer light transmittance and
significantly thicker than traditional
windows which considered as building
block.
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 Cob
▫ Also known as Cobb, is a building
material that comprises subsoil,
straw (or another fibrous organic
material), water and occasionally
lime.
▫ Cob building has experienced
something of a revival in recent
years as a form of sustainable
construction. 16
CONCRETE MASONRY
UNITS
CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS
▫ Concrete unit masonry is a form of masonry which uses prefabricated concrete blocks,
including hollow or solid architectural concrete masonry units (CMU). To be considered
solid, units must be at least 75 percent solid.
▫ Hollow concrete units are preferred because of the reduced weight, easier handling, and lower
cost.
▫ Concrete masonry units are made from hydraulic cement, water, and mineral aggregates with
or without the inclusion of other materials. CMU are molded using a relatively dry mix of
cement and aggregates; they are compacted and consolidated using low-frequency, high-
amplitude vibration, and then cured under controlled temperature and humidity. These units
are suitable for both loadbearing and non-loadbearing applications.

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 CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS

▫ Concrete masonry units are a versatile, environmentally friendly building product

that can be used for a wide variety of applications. With the variety of shapes and
sizes available, they can be used as part of an attractive exterior design, as well as
to add interest to interior walls.
▫ Using concrete blocks on a project can even contribute to it being designated as a
“green” building.

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Types of Concrete Blocks or Concrete
Masonry Units
• Solid Concrete Blocks
• Hollow Concrete Blocks
• Stretcher block
• Corner block
• Pillar block
• Jamb block
• Partition block
• Lintel block
• Frogged brick block
• Bull nose block
 Solid Concrete Blocks
• Solid concrete blocks are commonly used, which are
heavy in weight and manufactured from dense
aggregate. They are very strong and provides good
stability to the structures. So for large work of masonry
like for load bearing walls these solid blocks are
preferable. They are available in large sizes compared to
bricks.
 Hollow Concrete Blocks
▫ Concrete hollow block with emptiness inside is used as
a building material in the construction of walls and
partitions of a building. They are lighter, so they do not
add to the total weight of the structure too much.
▫ They are manufactured from lightweight aggregates.
They are light weight blocks and easy to install.
 Stretcher Blocks
▫ Concrete stretcher blocks are commonly used as hollow
concrete blocks. Their primary purpose is to join the
corners of masonry units. While they look pretty similar
to normal hollow blocks, their length faces are designed
in a way that they are parallel to the face of the wall.
 Pillar Blocks
▫ Unlike stretcher concrete blocks and corner blocks,
concrete pillar blocks are designed in a way that both
their ends are visible. This is why they are also known as
double corner blocks. They are most commonly used in
building pillars or piers.
 Jamb Blocks
▫ Jamb blocks are used to deal with an elaborated
window opening in a wall. Connected to a stretcher
and corner blocks, they often help to provide space
for the casing members of the window, particularly in
the case of double-hung windows.
 Partition Block
▫ Partition concrete blocks are the same as concrete pillar
blocks except that these blocks have a larger height
than their breadth. The hollow part is often divided into
two to three components. These blocks are ideal for the
construction of partition walls.
 Lintel Block
▫ Lintel or channel blocks are U-shaped concrete
masonry units used above openings to create lintels.
Since lintel block units are solid along the bottom, the
underside can be exposed at openings. However,
because of this feature, these block units do not allow
vertical reinforcement to extend through them.
 Frogged Brick
▫ Frogged brick block contains a frog on its top along with
header and stretcher like frogged brick. This frog will
help the block to hold mortar and to develop the strong
bond with top laying block.
 Bullnose Brick
▫ It is similar to the corner blocks.
▫ Bullnose concrete blocks are the same as concrete
pillar blocks. The only minor difference is that they
have rounded edges. Thus, if you prefer rounded
edges, bullnose concrete blocks are the right option
for you.
30
Concrete Masonry Units or
CMU
Concrete Masonry Units (CMU)
LIGHT-WEIGHT
NORMAL-WEIGHT
UNITS MEDIUM-WEIGHT
UNITS
- have higher thermal UNITS
- made of well-graded sand,
and fire resistance - moderate weight and gravel, and crushed stone.
properties and lower cost generally offer the
sand resistance than best labor production to
normal weight units. material cost ratio..

32
Concrete Masonry Units
(CMU)
DENSITY CLASSES
 DENSITY CLASSES
▫ The density of a concrete masonry unit is expressed as the oven-dry density of
concrete in pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft3 [kg/m3]) as determined in accordance
with ASTM C140, Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Concrete
Masonry Units and Related Units. In production, the density of a given concrete
masonry unit is controlled in part by the methods used to manufacture the unit,
but largely by the type of aggregate used in production. Through the use of
lightweight aggregates, normal weight aggregates, or blends of lightweight and
normal weight aggregates, the resulting density of concrete masonry units can
be varied by the producer to achieve one or more desired physical properties.

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ASTM C90, Standard Specification for Loadbearing
Concrete Masonry Units (ref. 3) defines three density
classes for concrete masonry units:

LIGHT-WEIGHT NORMAL-WEIGHT
UNITS MEDIUM-WEIGHT UNITS
UNITS
- units having an average - units having an average
density less than 105 lb/ft3 - units having an average density of 125 lb/ft3 (2,000
(1,680 kg/m3).. density of 105 lb/ft3 kg/m3) or more.
(1,680 kg/m3) or more, but
less than 125 lb/ft3 (2,000
kg/m3).
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Classification of CMU
Nominal vs Actual Dimensions
Nominal vs Actual Dimensions
ACTUAL DIMENSIONS
- As with brick, CMUs have actual dimensions and nominal dimensions. The
nominal dimension of a CMU is the actual dimension plus the width of the
mortar joint. Typical CMU mortar joints are 3/8".

NOMINAL DIMENSIONS
- The nominal dimension works within the 4" grid that other construction
materials follow. The graphic below shows the difference between nominal and
actual sizes.

37
Nominal vs Actual Dimensions

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CONCRETE BLOCK SIZES
▫ The following table provides concrete block sizes in both nominal
and actual dimensions. While 4", 6", 8", 10", and 12" are the
standard sizes, some manufacturers offer other sizes not listed
below.

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CONCRETE BLOCK SIZES
▫ Concrete Masonry Units (CMUs) are manufactured in a variety of sizes.
They are identified by their depth – i.e. the thickness of the wall they
create. For instance, a 6" CMU is nominally 6" deep while a 10" CMU is
nominally 10" deep.
▫ Concrete blocks also come in half-sizes, which are helpful in reducing the
need to cut blocks in the field at corners or the end of walls. The architect
should always attempt to design buildings using the nominal dimensions
to the nearest half-block size to reduce waste and labor due to cut blocks.

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41
Concrete Block (CMU)
Specifications
 CONCRETE BLOCK SPECIFICATIONS
▫ The weight of concrete masonry units varies depending on the density of
concrete mix used. There are three classifications of CMU: lightweight (less than
105 lb/ft3), medium weight (between 105 lb/ft3 and 125 lb/ft, and normal weight
(more than 125 lb/ft3. Lighter CMUs are less expensive, require less labor to
install, and tend to have better fire resistance properties. Heavier units tend to
reduce sound transmission, have much higher compressive strengths, and have
greater thermal storage capacity; however, they are more expensive and cost
more to install. Architects must specify the CMU weight if a particular weight is
required.

43
The following table provides the ASTM standards that apply to
concrete masonry units. ASTM C90 covers most conventional
CMU construction and is the standard referenced by the ICC
codes. ASTM DESIGNATION TYPE OF CMU

ATSM C55 Concrete Brick

ASTM C73 Calcium Silicate Face Brick

ASTM C90 Load Bearing Concrete Masonry Units

ASTM C139 CMUs for construction of Catch Basins and Manholes

ASTM C744 Prefaced Concrete and Calcium Silicate Masonry Units

ASTM C936 Solid Interlocking Concrete Paving Units

ASTM C1372 Segmental Retaining Wall Units

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Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU)
Shapes
CONCRETE MASONRY
UNIT (CMU) SHAPES
There are an almost infinite
number of CMU shapes available.
The images below cover the most
common shapes, but you should
check with your local CMU
manufacturer if you need special
shapes or finishes.
46
A picture is worth a
thousand words
A complex idea can be
conveyed with just a single
still image, namely making
it possible to absorb large
amounts of data quickly.

47
Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU)
Surface Finishes
As with shapes, there are a large number of finish
options so you can make the utilitarian gray concrete
block look much more aesthetically pleasing.

49
 1. Colored CMU
• Pigments can be added to both the concrete block as
well as the mortar. These allows for the block and
mortar to blend together or to have a sharp contrast.
• Keep in mind that there will be a natural variation in
the color of the CMUs, even if they come from the
same manufacturing batch.
1. Colored CMU

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 2. Glazed CMU
• Glazed CMU has a tile-like glazed finish made from a
resin-based coating. The coating offers a wide variety
of color as well as some faux material patterns.
• These surfaces may offer improved resistance to
graffiti and chemicals. Glazed CMU is covered via
ASTM C744, but the blocks still need to adhere to the
ASTM C90 standard for load bearing CMU.
2. Glazed CMU

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3. Split Faced CMU
• Split faced CMU is manufactured by molding two units
side-by-side and then mechanically splitting them apart
after firing.
• This creates a very rough texture that some people think
looks like stone, especially since the aggregates in the
block are also split or exposed.
• Ribbed or scored units (graphics above in the Shapes
section) can also have a split faced finish to add more
texture.
3. Split Faced CMU

Split faced CMU below, smooth CMU above

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4. Soft-Split CMU
Soft-Split CMU is made with special molds that
create a split-faced appearance instead of
mechanically splitting the blocks. The effect is a bit
less rough than split faced. In addition, the mold
means that aggregates are not exposed.
5. Burnished or Polished CMU
• Also referred to as Ground Face CMU, concrete blocks can
be burnished or polished to expose the natural aggregates in
the concrete mix.
• It is important to work with the manufacturer to select
appealing aggregate and to test the polishing process to
ensure you get the aesthetic you are looking for.
5. Burnished or Polished CMU

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6. Sandblasted CMU
Sandblasting concrete masonry units also exposes the
aggregate, but also blasts away some of the sand and
cement to create a rougher appearance. Some people
believe this creates a natural weathered look instead of
the smoother look of burnished or polished CMU.
6. Sandblasted
CMU

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7. Raked CMU
Raked (or Striated) units have vertical rake marks
introduced during the molding process. The rake marks are
not as deep as the scored or ribbed blocks identified above
in the Shapes section, but they do add an appealing texture
to the block. You can also specify that scored or ribbed
blocks have an additional raked pattern applied for more
texture.
7. Raked CMU

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Mortar, Plaster and Grout
Types and Specifications
 MORTAR
▫ A mixture of Portland cement, lime,
sand and water.
▫ Mortar is a material used in masonry
construction to fill the gaps between
the bricks and blocks used in
construction
▫ Mortar binds bricks and blocks
together to give strength and stability
to a wall 64
 Mortar
STRENGTH
The capacity of the individual elements,
which together make up a structural system,
to withstand the load that is applied to them.

STABILITY
The capability of a structural system to transmit various loadings safely to the
ground.

65
Mortars
TYPES OF MORTARS USED IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
▫ Nature of Application
▫ Based on binding material used Uses of Asphalt
▫ Properties of Good Mortar
▫ Bulk density
▫ Special purpose mortars
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NATURE APPLICATION OF
MORTAR
There are two types of mortars based
on the nature of application.
▫ Brick or stone laying mortar
▫ Finishing mortar/ Plastering

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 Brick Or Stone Laying Mortar
▫ Generally, in masonry walls the
structural units such as stones or
bricks are bonded together by using
mortar.
▫ The proportions of ingredients for
this purpose is decided with respect
to the kind of binding material used

68
 Finishing Mortar
▫ The mortar used for ornamental
finishing’s should have great
strength, mobility and resistance
against atmospheric action like rain,
wind, etc.
▫ Finishing mortar is used for pointing
and plastering works

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TYPES OF MORTAR BASED ON
BINDING MATERIAL USED
Classification based on the binding
material used is as follows.
▫ Cement Mortar
▫ Lime Mortar
▫ Gypsum Mortar
▫ Gauged Mortar
▫ Surkhi Mortar
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 Cement Mortar
▫ It is made of lime mortar mixed with
Portland cement.
▫ The proportion of cement and sand is
decided based on the specified
durability and working condition.
▫ Cement mortar will give high strength
and resistivity against water. The
proportion of cement to sand may
varies from 1:2 to 1:6. 71
 Lime Mortar
▫ It is made of lime, sand and water
▫ There are two types of limes namely fat
lime and hydraulic lime.
▫ Fat lime in lime mortar requires 2 to 3
times of sand and it is used for dry work.
▫ Hydraulic lime and sand in 1:2 ratios will
give good results in damp conditions and
also suitable for water logged areas.
▫ The lime mortar has a high plasticity so; it
can be placed easily. 72
 Gypsum Mortar
▫ It is consists of plaster and soft sand
as binding material and fine
aggregate.
▫ In the Egyptian ancient structures
called as pyramids, gypsum mortar
is used.
▫ Gypsum mortar will have low
durability in damp conditions.
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 Gauged Mortar
▫ Gauged mortar consists of lime, cement
and sand.
▫ Lime mortar has high plasticity and
cement has high strength than lime, the
result will give two properties in
economical way.
▫ Also called as composite mortar or lime-
cement mortar. Usually 1:6 to 1:8 ratio of
cement to lime will be used to prepare
gauged mortar. 74
 Surkhi Mortar
▫ Surkhi is finely powdered burnt clay which
is free from any admixtures, impurities. It
will give more strength than sand and
cheaply available in the marke .
▫ Surkhi mortar consists of lime, surkhi and
water.
▫ It is used as adulterant or fine aggregate.
Sometimes half amount of sand and half
amount of surkhi also used. 75
Mortar, Plaster and Grout
Properties of Good Mortar
PROPERTIES OF GOOD MORTAR
▫ The main quality that mortar should possess good adhesion.
▫ Mortar should be water resistant.
▫ Deformability of mortar should be low.
▫ Mortar should be easily workable in the site condition.
▫ The mobility of mortar should be good.
▫ It should possess high durability.
▫ To improve the speed of construction, good mortar should set quickly.
▫ Cracks should not be developed in the joint formed by mortar.

77
MORTARS BASED ON
BULK DENSITY
Types Of Mortars Based On Bulk
Density
TYPES OF MORTARS BASED ON BULK DENSITY
HEAVY MORTAR
- The mortar having bulk density of 15 KN/𝑚3 or more then it is called as
heavy mortar. Generally heavy quartzes are used as adulterants in this type of
mortars

LIGHTWEIGHT MORTAR
- The mortar having bulk density of less than 15 KN/𝑚3 then it is called as
light mortar. Generally light porous sands, soft sands are used as adulterants in
this type of mortars

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Special Purpose Of Mortars
• Fire Resistant Mortar
• Lightweight Mortar
• Packing Mortar
• Sound Absorbing Mortar
• X-ray Shielding Mortar
• Chemical Resistant Mortar
Special Purpose Of Mortars
FIRE RESISTANT
MORTAR
▫ By adding aluminous cement to the
fine powder of fire bricks we will
get fire resistant mortar.
LIGHTWEIGHT MORTAR
▫ Lightweight mortar is generally used in the
soundproof and heat proof constructions.
▫ It will be obtained by adding saw dust, wood
powder or, asbestos fibers, jute fibers coir etc.
to the lime mortar or cement mortar.
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Special Purpose Of Mortars
PACKING MORTAR
▫ The constituents of packing mortars are
generally cement-sand, cementloam or
sometimes cement-sandloam.
▫ This type of mortar is used to pack the oil
wells. Packing mortar should be of high
homogeneity, water resistance and high
strength.
SOUND ABSORBING
MORTAR
▫ It is used to reduce the noise level and
acts as sound proof layer. It consists
cement, lime, gypsum, slag etc. as
binding materials and pumice, cinders as
adulterants.
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Special Purpose Of Mortars
X-RAY SHIELDING MORTAR
▫ To provide protection against ill effects of
X-rays, the X-ray room walls and ceilings
are plastered by X-ray shielding mortar.
▫ This is heavy type mortar with bulk
density around 22KN/m3 . Fine aggregates
from heavy rock and suitable admixtures
are used to prepare this type of mortar.
.
CHEMICAL RESISTANT
MORTAR
▫ The additives added may not resist all the
chemical attacks. For example, silicate type
chemical mortar resists nitric, chromic,
Sulphuric or any acidic damages but it
cannot prevent the structure against damage
by alkalies of any concentration.
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Grout
 GROUT
▫ A high-slump concrete consist of
Portland cement, lime, sand, fine
gravel and water.
▫ Grout is used in pressure grouting,
embedding rebar in masonry walls,
connecting sections of pre-cast
concrete, filling voids, and sealing
joints such as those between tiles.
85
Grout
And its Two Classification
Two Classification of Grout

Non-Sanded Grout 

Sanded Grout

87
Two Classification of Grout
NON-SANDED GROUT
▫ A cement-based grout normally used
on smaller tile joints. It is
recommended in floor and wall tiling
projects with grout joints spacing
between 1/16 to 1/8 inch.
▫ It is smooth textured grout that will
not scratch tile.
.
▫ Non-sanded grout is best used for
vertical tile such as in the bathroom
and showers.
▫ This grout is better working material
and sticks better to vertical surfaces
than sanded grout.
88
Two Classification of Grout
SANDED GROUT
▫ Consist of a cement-based mortar that ▫ Sanded grout is in more colors and
has small sand grains added to it to cheaper than non-sanded grout.
help it when setting. Adding the sand ▫ This type of grout should not be used
to the grout, provide a stronger grout for any surface that can be scratched.
that is normally used in joints larger The sand in the grout scratches
than 1/8-inch. polished and honed stones.
▫ The tile and grout will last longer
especially with larger grout lines.
. 89
90
Chart Guide For Grout Usage

91