Reinforced Concrete

Design
Concrete
• It is an artificial stone derived from a mixture of
properly proportioned amount of hydraulic cement,
fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and water, with
or without admixtures.
Reinforced Concrete
Is a composite material in which concrete’s relatively
low tensile strength and ductility are countered by
the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile
strength and ductility.
RCD Beams
Design Constant
Singly Reinforced
Beams
Singly Reinforced Beams
Design Method
•1.Convert
  the service loads or moments Mu. An
estimated beam weight may be included in the
dead load if desired. Load factors should be
applied.

1.4DL+1.7LL
Mu = φMn

2. Select a desired steel ratio ρ.

3. Determine
Assume b and compute the required d. b= d/2
approx.
5. Estimate h; h = d + cover
Compute the beam weight. Compare with the
estimated beam weight. If an estimated beam weight
was included.
•6.  Revise design Mu to include the moment due to
the beam’s weight using the latest weight
determined. Note that at this point, one could revert
to step 2 of procedure A, where the cross section is
known.
7.Determine the required d:
Compression Tension Relations

Balanced Condition
As*fy = 0.85*f’c*a*b
Over-Reinforced
As*fy > 0.85*f’c*a*b
Under-Reinforced
As*fy < 0.85*f’c*a*b
Stirrups
The design of bending members for shear is based on
the assumption that concrete resist part of the shear
and any excess over and above what the concrete
could carry should be resisted by shear
reinforcement which may take in several forms.
a. Vertical stirrups
b. Inclined or diagonal stirrups; and
c. The main reinforcement bent at ends to act as
inclined stirrups
Type of Shear Reinforcement

According to Section 5.11.5.1 of the Code, shear

reinforcement may consist of
a. Stirrups perpendicular to axis of member, and
b. Welded wire fabric with wires located
perpendicular to axis of member
Rebar Properties
• The Rebar Strength should not exceed 415 Mpa.
• Stirrups and other bars or wires used as share
reinforcement shall extend to a distance d from
extreme compression fiber and shall be anchored
at both ends to develop the design yield strength
reinforcement.
Exceptions
•   Shear reinforcements shall be provided in all reinforced
concrete flexural members except as follows:
1. slab and footings.
2. beams with any of the following:
a total depth less than 250mm,
2.5 times the flange thickness or
½ the width of the web, whichever is greater.
3. in concrete joist construction
4. where Vu <
Criteria Equations
•φVc
  = φ1/6
Vc = shear force that concrete alone resists
b = width of rectangular beam or
=width of web for a T-beam
d = effective depth of beam
Φ = strength reduction factor = 0.85

Vu = (for simply supported beams)

Spacing of Stirrups
•  S=
Vs = Vu/φ – Vc
Vs = Vn – Vc = nominal shear strength provided by
the shear reinforcement
Vn = Vu/φ
Vc = 1/6
when Vu > (needs stirrups)
Spacing Criterion
•  Smax = d/2 600mm if Vs 1/3
• Smax = d/2 if Vs > 1/3

• Smin > 2/3

• Smin = 75mm or 100mm
Minimum area of web
reinforcement
•  Av =

Av = 2As = (for 10mm φ stirrups)

b = width of rectangular beam or
= web width for T-beams
S = spacing of stirrups center to center (mm)
fy = yield strength of web reinforcement
Doubly Reinforced
Beams
Doubly Reinforced Beams
•  Where:

Mu = φ [

Mu = φ [(As-As’)fy() + As’fy(d-d’)]
Compression Reinforcement
•  When Compression Steel Yields, As’ =

• When Compression Steel doesn’t yields

As’ = fy/fs’
where
fs’ =
•  for members with compression
reinforcement, the portion of
equalized by compression
reinforcement need not be reduced
by the 0.75 factor.
Maximum Steel Area
•  Asmax = 0.75bd + As’fs’/fy

Where:
0.75bd =

As’fs’ =
Length Development
 
min(
Basic Development Length of
Bars
•For
  32mm and smaller

For 36mm

For deformed wire

Length of Development of
Positive Moment bars
• 
• is The length of Development
• is the nominal moment
• is the Factored Shear
• is the embedment length
Hooks
Splices
Lap Splices

Shall not be used bars larger than 32mm

Welded Splices
T-Beams
Cross-Sectional View
Types of analysis
Strain Diagram
• 

= 200000MPa

= 600
The c/d Ratio
Balanced Steel Area
Design of T-Beams with Negative
Moments
Code Requirements for T-Beams
The width of slab effective as a T-beam shall
not exceed ¼ of the span of the beam, and the
effective overhanging flange on each side of
the web shall not exceed:
a. 8 times the slab thickness, and
b. ½ the clear distance to the next web.
Code Requirements for T-Beams
For beams with slab on one side only, the
effective overhanging flange shall not
exceed:
a. 1 ½ the span length of the beam
b. 6 times the slab thickness, and
c. ½ the clear distance to the next
web.
For Interior Beam For End Beam
•:   •is  the smallest of:
1. L/4 1. L/12 +
2. 16t + 2. 6t +
3. 3.
For Symmetrical Interior Beams (
 
= )
•:  
1. L/4
2. 16t +
3. center to center spacing of the beam.
Transverse Reinforcement
• Transverse reinforcement shall be designed to carry
the factored load on the overhanging slab width
assumed to act as a cantilever. For isolated beam,
the full width of the overhanging flange shall be
considered. For other T-beams, only the effective
overhanging slab needs to be considered.
• Transverse reinforcement shall be spaced not
farther apart than five times the slab thickness, nor
mm.
RCD Column
Types of Columns
Tied columns
Spiral Columns
Composite Columns
Short Column vs Long Column
•If  L<3*min(h,b) it’s a Short Column

Short Columns are called Pedestal

Pedestal may be designed without
reinforcements if the imposed
compression is less than 0.85
P-Delta Moment
Axial Load Capacity
• 

Where
= Nominal Strength
= Ultimate Load
= Reduction Factor
= Concrete Strength
= Gross area of the Column
= Area of Steel
Minimum Moment Load
• For Tied Column, Eccentricity of the
Column is 0.01h

• For Spiral Column, Eccentricity of

the Column is 0.05h
Reduction Factor
•For
  Tied Column
= 0.80
= 0.70
For Spiral Column
= 0.85
=0.75
Min. Number of Longitudinal
Bars
• for Rectangular and Circular Tied
Column is 4

• for Triangular Tied Column is 3

• for Spiral Column is 6

Longitudinal bars
• 

• 0.01Ag < Ast < 0.06Ag

Lateral Ties
• 10 mm for Longitudinal bars with
32mm or smaller

• 12mm for Longitudinal bars with

36mm or larger and for bundled
Longitudinal bars
Spacing of Lateral Ties
The spacing of these ties shall not
exceed:
• 16 longitudinal bar diameter,
• 48 tie bar diameter or
• the least dimension of the
compression member.
Spirals
•  For Cast-in-place, Minimum size is 10 mm
• Ratio of Volume of Steel to Volume of Gross area is
derived by the equation:

Minimum ratio can be derived by:

Spacing of Spiral Ties
• Minimum Spacing of Spirals is 25mm
• Maximum Spacing of Spiral is 75mm
Composite Column
Axial Load Capacity
• 

Where
= Yield strength
= Area of Steel
= Net Concrete Area
= 0.75 for with spiral ties
= 0.70 for with other reinforcement
Moment Loading
General Rule

• When the Fiber experiences

Tension, a steel entity must be
present to resist it.
• When the Fiber experiences
Compression, the steel entity
must be present to resist it.
Slab
Types of Slabs
Type of Slab
One Way Slab
Section 409.6.2 NSCP 6th Ed. 2010
Definition
L/a > 2

a L
Thickness of Slab
• 
t= simply supported

t= one-end continuous

t= both-end continuous

t= cantilevered section
Thickness of Slab
Slab Thickness
• Thickness of slab should not be less
than 75mm.
• Spacing of temperature bars should not
be greater than 5t or 500mm.
• If the slab is permanently exposed to
the ground, minimum concrete cover is
70mm clear.
Main Bars
•  Main Bars are parallel to the shorter side
• Minimum steel bars = 12mm φ
• Spacing of main bars should not be greater
than 3t nor 450mm and not less than
100mm
• Number of bars needed in one-meter width
of slab:
S = → spacing of main bars
Temperature Bars
• Temperature Bars are Parallel to
your longer side
• Minimum temperature bars =
10mm φ
• Spacing of temperature bars should
not be greater than 5t or 500mm.
Steps in Design
•1.  Assume thickness of slab using the
minimum requirement of the code.
2. Consider one-meter strip of slab.
3. Compute the factored load:
4. Compute the ultimate moment Mu = 1/8 *
for simply supported span only.
Steps in Design
•6.  Compute “w” from the relation:
Mu =
7. Compute
ρ = wfc’/fy
8. Check whether
<ρ<
Steps in Design
•Note:
 
when ρ > ,
increase the thickness of the slab.

when ρ < ,
decrease the thickness of the slab.
Steps in Design
•9.  Compute the steel area required:
As = ρbd

10. Compute the spacing of 12mmφ or bigger

diameter bars than 12mmφ.
S = < 3t or 450mm
Steps in Design
•11.
  Compute the area of temperature bars needed.
>
→ for grade 300
→ for grade 400
12. Compute the spacing of temperature bars.
S = < t or 500mm
Two Way Slab
Definition

L
b

L/b ≤ 2
Column Strip
and
Middle Strip
Drop Panels
Drop Panels
(Section 413.3.5)
Drop Panel is utilized to reduce the
amount of negative moment
reinforcement over a column or
minimum required thickness
Drop Panels

• It has a thickness of at least ¼ of

the adjacent slab
• Half of its width should be at
least 1/6 of the span
Minimum Slab Thickness
The minimum thickness of slabs without interior
beams spanning between the supports shall be in
accordance with the provisions of Table 409.13 and
shall not be less than the following values:
a. Slabs without drop panels 125mm
b. Slabs with drop panels 100mm
Thickness Requirements
•  h=

=
Minimum Thickness of Slabs
Without Interior Beams
Moment Resistance of Slab
•The
  total moment that is resisted by the slab equals
absolute sum of positive and average negative
factored moments in each direction shall not be less
than:
Mo =

where is the factored load in Pa or kPa.

Main Bars
Main Bars
EARTHQUAKE LOADS
• BASE SHEAR – V, total design lateral force or shear
at the base of a structure

• SHEAR WALL – is a wall designed to resist lateral

forces parallel to the place of the walls and frames
designed to resist lateral forces in proportion to
their relative rigidities, considering interaction
between shear walls and frames on all levels
Soft Story – in one which lateral stiffness is less than 70
percent of the stiffness of the story above

Story Drift – is the lateral displacement of one level

relative to the level above or below

Story Drift Ratio – is the story drift divided by the story

height

Story Shear – is the summation of design lateral forces

above the story under consideration

Weak Story – is one which the story strength is less than

80 percent of the story above
THANK YOU!