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Chapter 1 Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids
Chapter 1 Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids
CARBOHYDRATES AND
NUCLEIC ACIDS
2
Classification of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides or simple sugars:
polyhydroxyaldehydes or aldoses
polyhydroxyketones or ketoses
Disaccharides can be hydrolyzed to two
monosaccharides.
Polysaccharides hydrolyze to many
monosaccharide units. For example,
starch and cellulose have > 1000
glucose units.
3
Monosaccharides
4
(+) and (-)-Glyceraldehydes
5
Degradation of D and L Sugars
Fischer–Rosanoff Convention
D sugars can be degraded to the dextrorotatory (+)
form of glyceraldehyde.
L sugars can be degraded to the levorotatory (-) form
of glyceraldehyde.
6
D and L Series of Sugars
7
The D Aldose Family
8
Erythrose and Threose
D-(-)-erythrose D-(-)-threose
9
Erythro and Threo Diastereomers
17
Mutarotation
22
Oxidation by Bromine
24
Oxidation by Tollens Reagent
Silver
mirror
27
Aglycones
32
Ruff Degradation
35
Determination of Ring Size
H excess CH3I H
H +
CH2OHO CH2OCH3 H3O CH2OCH3
HO Ag2O O O
CH3O CH3O
H H H H
HO OH H H OH
CH3O OCH3 CH3O
OH CH3O
CH3O
H H H H
H H
36
Periodic Acid Cleavage of
Carbohydrates
38
Disaccharides (Continued)
39
A -1-4’ Glycosidic Linkage
44
Cellulose
46
Amylopectin
47
Nucleic Acids
Polymer of ribofuranoside
rings linked by phosphate
ester groups.
Each ribose is bonded to
a base.
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA)
48
RNA Polymer
49
Cytidine, Uridine, Adenosine, and
Guanosine
52
DNA Bases
54
Base Pairing in DNA and RNA
Two complementary
strands are joined by
hydrogen bonds
between the base pairs.
This double strand coils
into a helical
arrangement. Described
by Watson and Crick in
1953.
57
Replication
58
Additional Nucleotides
59