Orientation

coc
immunity :-is a state in which the body has sufficient defense to be able
to resist the development of communicable diseases caused by
infectious agents
Types of immunity
Specific immunity ----one particular type of infectious agent
Non-specific immunity-innate immunity – ‗innate‘ means ‗already
formed at birth‘) includes protection from infectious agents by
mechanical barriers, such as intact skin or the mucus membranes lining
the inside of our nose, mouth, lungs, reproductive system and gut.
Types of specific immunity:
I. Naturally acquired immunity
Naturally acquired active immunity
immune person makes the antibodies themselves (actively),
For example, non-immunized children who develop measles
 Naturally acquired passive immunity
When gets them from someone else (passively).
when a mother gives her own antibodies to her baby, transferring them from
her blood to the fetal blood across the placenta, or giving them to the baby in
her breast milk.
 Artificially acquired immunity
Artificially acquired active immunity
When the person must be artificially and intentionally exposed to foreign
antigens (actively),
Artificially acquired passive immunity
When given someone else‘s antibodies (passively), in order to generate a
protective immune response
Herd immunity refers to the level of resistance against a specific
communicable disease in the community as a whole
 vaccines
Vaccines are made from weakened or killed bacteria or viruses, or
extracts taken from them, which are intended to produce immunity
against a disease
Immunization is the process of introducing harmless preparation of the
antigens from an infectious agent into the body of a person, who
becomes immune to the infectious agent as a result.
Vaccine-preventable diseases included in the EPI in Ethiopia
Tuberculosis (TB)
 Poliomyelitis (polio)
 Diphtheria
 Pertussis (whooping cough)
 Tetanus
 Measles
 Pneumonia and meningitis caused by Haemophilusinfluenzae type b
bacteria
 Liver disease caused by hepatitis B viruses
 Pneumonia and other infections caused by Streptococcus pneumonia
bacteria
 Diarrheal diseases caused by rotaviruses
Antibacterial Vaccines
 BCG
BCG is a live-attenuated antibacterial vaccine protects against tuberculosis
Pentavalent
TT for women
PCV10
Antiviral vaccines
OPV
Hepatitis B vaccine (HepB)

Hepatitis B viruses which cause Hepatitis B diseases are protected by

a recombinant vaccine called Hepatitis B (HepB) vaccine.
HepB vaccine is also available on its own as a single vaccine, which
may be given to health workers as a ‗booster‘ to increase their
protection against infection by blood borne hepatitis B viruses from
patients
Rotavirus vaccine (RotarixTM)
Rotaviruses are the leading cause of severe diarrhoeal disease and
dehydration among children in developed and developing countries.
It is a liquid suspension vaccine, supplied in single-dose ‗squeeze-tube‘
vials. RotarixTM is given in oral doses, each of 1.5 ml, at the following
time intervals:
Schedules of the vaccine
First dose at 6 weeks of age, but no later than 12 weeks
 Second dose at least 4 weeks after the first dose
Measle vaccine
Managing Cold Chain