ULTRASOUND REACTION

OR
SONOCHEMISTRY
 INTRODUCTION
• Ultrasound is simply sound pitched above
human hearing. It is also called
“Sonochemistry”. Ultrasound can produce as
high as those on the surface of the sun and
pressure as great as those at the bottom of
the ocean. In some cases, it can also increase
chemical reactivities by nearly a million fold.
•  
 Brief introduction to sonochemistry

• Enhances reaction rates up to a million times

• Believed to be due to small cavities (100
microns) which implode, creating tremendous
heat and pressure, shock waves, and particle
accelerations. This process is called“cavitation”
• Started gaining attention for organic chemists
when someone noticed that organic solvents
formed cavities
 PRINCIPLE :
• PRINCIPLE Sound, Ultrasound, and Cavitation Acoustic
Cavitation The formation, growth, and implosive collapse of
bubbles in a liquid. Cavity growth depends on the intensity
of the sound. Rectified diffusion.
•  Rectified diffusion : 
• Rectified diffusion Cavity will oscillate in size over many
expansion and compression cycles. During such oscillations
the amount of gas or vapor that diffuses in or out of the
cavity depends on the surface area, which is slightly larger
during expansion than during compression.
•  
 Types of Cavitation

• Types of Cavitation Stable Cavitation The

bubbles oscillate around their equilibrium
position over several refraction/compression
cycles. Transient Cavitation the bubbles grow
over one (sometimes two or three) acoustic
cycles to double their initial size and finally
collapse violently.
 CAVITATION :
 
• CAVITATION Liquids irradiated with ultrasound can
produce bubbles. These bubbles oscillate, growing a
little more during the expansion phase of the sound
wave than they shrink during the compression
phase. Under the proper conditions these bubbles
can undergo a violent collapse, which generates very
high pressures and temperatures. This process is
called Cavitation.
•  
 The Sonochemical Hot-Spot :

• The Sonochemical Hot-Spot Compression of a gas

generates heat. The mechanical energy of pumping is
converted into heat as the tire is pressurized. The
source of homogeneous sonochemistry. Cavitation
convert the diffuse energy of sound into a chemically
useful form. Sonoluminescence Measure of the
temperature of the high-energy species produced
during cavitation.
 
• Do your sonication experiments cold
• If deciding between two solvents, go with the higher
boiling.
Metal particles on the order of bubbles won’t produce
hot jets
• Shock waves propel metals at really fast speeds, which
can collide with other metals
• By understanding and manipulating pchem, Suslick and
coworkers determined that these collisions can attain
temperatures of 3,000k
 Effects of Ultrasound Chemistry : 

• Effects of Ultrasound Chemistry

• A) Physical Effects
• B) Chemical Effects
• 1) Radical effects
• 2) Mechanical effects
• 3) Effect on electrochemical processes
 
• 1927-beginning of intercontinental flight and
sonochemistry
• Loomis reported beneficial uses of
• ultrasound to chemistry, such as
– Ever so slightly depressing boiling points
– Increasing the rate of the Iodine clock reaction
– Expulsions of supersaturated dissolved
gasses
–Increases in the rate of hydrolysis of dimethyl
sulphate
 Why it is special to chemists

• Sonochemistry involves high energies and

pressures on a short time scale
• Photochemistry interacts with chemicals on
short time scale at high energies,
thermochemistry interacts on a long time
scale at lower energies
 Luche develops a new
interpretation

• Luche classified organic sonochemical

reactions by types
• Heterogeneous reactions were sped up
due to mechanical effects of the sound
waves (agitation, cleaning effects)
• Homogeneous reactions were sped up
due to generation of radicals
• “True” sonochemical reactions are those
which involve a SET
Aplication Ultrasound Chemistry in Materials and Life Sciences : 

• A)Applications in Chemistry Decrease of reaction time and/or

increase of yield.
• Use of less forcing conditions e.g. lower reaction temperature.
• Possible switching of reaction pathway.
• Use of less or avoidance of phase transfer catalysts.
• Degassing forces reactions with gaseous products. Use of crude or
technical reagents.
• Activation of metals and solids. Reduction of any induction period.
• Enhancement of the reactivity of reagents or catalysts.
• Generation of useful reactive species.
•  
 Therapeutic Ultrasound :
 
• Therapeutic Ultrasound Sonography
(frequency around 5MHz) Soon-Dynamic
Therapy (SDT) Physiotherapists use ultrasound
at frequencies of between 1 and 3 MHz to
treat muscle injury. Drug delivery system
Antibiotics, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs, Protein drug molecules.