Professional Documents
Culture Documents
State practice:
USSR, Breznev Doctrine (1968) Vs. US, Grenada
Intervention (1983)
1. Usage: praktek umum negara yang tidak
menimbulkan kewajiban hukum;
1. Opinio Juris;
2. Duration;
3. Uniformity and Consistency;
4. Generality;
1. A believe that a certain practice is
obligatory as a matter of law.
Aspek fungsional;
Object: Politic
Economic
3. “Legislative” treaties.
Treaty contract / Contractual treaties:
1. Lebih merupakan sumber “kewajiban”
daripada “sumber hukum”.
2. Tidak disusun untuk menciptakan prinsip-
prinsip hukum yang mengatur tingkah laku
para pihak.
3. “Kontrak” seperti halnya kontrak privat.
Unarguable, incontrovertible;
Universal;
Equity: General principle of justice.
Flexible disposition of cases according to
ideas of fairness rather than to the strict
application of rules of law.
Ex aequo et bono: Psl. 38(2) Statuta ICJ
“Ketentuan pada ayat 1 tidak mengurangi
kekuasaan hakim untuk memutuskan suatu
perkara berdasar keadilan (ex aequo et
bono) apabila para pihak menyetujuinya”.
Jus Cogens: Psl. 53 VCLT (1969), norma
hukum yang tidak dapat diubah.
Digunakan dalam keadaan mendesak untuk
keadilan;
Mekanisme untuk menyelesaikan persoalan
yang seharusnya diisyaratkan oleh hukum;
Secara teoritik dibagi dalam 3 fungsi: (1).
mengadaptasi ketentuan hukum terhadap
fakta dalam kasus tertentu (equity infra
legem), (2).mengisi kekosongan hukum
(equity praeter legem),(3). Alasan untuk
tidak ditetapkannya sebuah hukum yang
tidak adil (equity contra legem);
The International Court of Justice has
decided that Malaysia shall have the
sovereignty over Pulau Sipadan and Pulau
Ligitan based on the principle of
“effectivitee”.
British authorities have carried out concrete
administrative acts as a reflection of its
sovereignty over the islands.
Ordinance on birds sanctuary, collection of
levis on collection on turtles eggs since the
1930s and the operation of life houses since
the early 1960s.
Art. 38(1)(d) ICJ Statute: Subject to the
provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and
the teachings of the most highly qualified
publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary
means for the determination of rules of law.
The decision of the ICJ is binding only on the
parties in the particular case;
Tidak menganut prinsip “stare decisis”;
ICJ sebagai “law-determining” agencies dan
bukan “law-creating”.
Arbitral Decision;
Mare liberum ( Hugo Grotius) Vs.
Mare clausum (John Selden) (battle of
books)