THE RM OC H EM IS TR Y

WHAT IS ENERGY?
ENERGY CHANGES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

• ALWAYS REMEMBER THAT ENERGY OFTEN CHANGES DUE TO CHEMICAL REACTIONS

BECAUSE ALMOST ALL OF THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS TEND TO ABSORB OR PRODUCE
(RELEASE) ENERGY.
 ENERGY CHANGES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Water vapor

Heat Heat
open system closed system isolated system
ENERGY CHANGES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS
ENDOTHERMIC PROCESS VS. EXOTHERMIC PROCESS
INTRODUCTION TO THERMODYNAMICS

• THERMODYNAMICS IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE INTERCONVERSION

OF HEAT AND OTHER KINDS OF ENERGY. THE DIFFERENT LAWS OF
THERMODYNAMICS COULD PROVIDE US USEFUL GUIDELINES FOR
UNDERSTANDING THE ENERGETICS AND DIRECTIONS OF PROCESSES.
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

• FIRST LAW: ENERGY IS CONSERVED; IT CAN BE NEITHER CREATED NOR DESTROYED.

• SECOND LAW: IN AN ISOLATED SYSTEM, NATURAL PROCESSES ARE SPONTANEOUS
WHEN THEY LEAD TO AN INCREASE IN DISORDER, OR ENTROPY.
• THIRD LAW: THE ENTROPY OF A PERFECT CRYSTAL IS ZERO WHEN THE TEMPERATURE OF
THE CRYSTAL IS EQUAL TO ABSOLUTE ZERO (0 K).
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
SIGN CONVENTIONS FOR WORK AND HEAT

• WORK DONE BY THE SYSTEM ON THE SURROUNDINGS -

• WORK DONE ON THE SYSTEM BY THE SURROUNDINGS +
• HEAT ABSORBED BY THE SYSTEM (ENDOTHERMIC) +
• HEAT RELEASED TO THE SURROUNDINGS (EXOTHERMIC) -
WORK AND HEAT

ALWAYS REMEMBER THAT WE CAN HAVE HEAT IF THERE IS WORK….

SAMPLE PROBLEM
THE WORK DONE WHEN A GAS IS COMPRESSED IN A CYLINDER IS 462 J. DURING THIS PROCESS, THERE IS A
HEAT TRANSFER OF 128 J FROM THE GAS TO THE SURROUNDINGS. CALCULATE THE ENERGY CHANGE FOR
THIS PROCESS.
GIVEN:
W = 462 J (POSITIVE SINCE THE WORK IS DONE ON THE SYSTEM)
Q = -128 J (NEGATIVE SINCE THE HEAT IS RELEASED)
SOLUTION:
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A GAS EXPANDS AND DOES P-V WORK ON THE SURROUNDINGS EQUAL TO 279 J. AT THE
SAME TIME, IT ABSORBS 216 J OF HEAT FROM THE SURROUNDINGS. WHAT IS THE CHANGE
IN ENERGY OF THE SYSTEM?
ENTHALPY (∆H)
• THE HEAT CHANGE IN A CHEMICAL REACTION IS REFERRED TO AS THE CHANGE IN ENTHALPY. MEASURING
THE ACTUAL HEAT CONTENT OF ANY PARTICULAR SUBSTANCE IS NOT POSSIBLE, BUT THE APPARENT
CHANGES IN HEAT CONTENT WHEN REACTANTS ARE TRANSFORMED INTO PRODUCTS ARE POSSIBLE.
ENTHALPY IS ALSO A STATE FUNCTION THAT DEPENDS ON OTHER STATE FUNCTIONS T, P, AND E
RELATIONSHIP OF ∆E AND ∆H
1. The heat given off or absorbed when a reaction is run at constant volume is equal to the change
in the internal energy of the system.
Esys = qv
2. The heat given off or absorbed when a reaction is run at constant pressure is equal to the
change in the enthalpy of the system.
Hsys = qp
3. The change in the enthalpy of the system during a chemical reaction is equal to the change in
the internal energy plus the change in the product of the pressure of the gas in the system and its
volume.
Hsys =  Esys +  (P V)
4. The difference between   E  and  H  for the system is small for reactions that involve only
liquids and solids because there is little if any change in the volume of the system during the
reaction. The difference can be relatively large, however, for reactions that involve gases, if there
is a change in the number of moles of gas in the course of the reaction.
FORMULA TO REMEMBER IN ∆E AND ∆H
SAMPLE PROBLEM
THE OXIDATION OF NITRIC OXIDE
2 NO (g) + O2 (g) → 2 NO2 (g) ∆Η = -113.1 kJ
IS A KEY STEP IN THE PRODUCTION OF PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG. CALCULATE THE CHANGE IN INTERNAL
ENERGY THAT OCCURS WHEN 15.4 G OF NO REACTS WITH EXCESS OXYGEN AT 35.0°C.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
CALCULATE THE CHANGE IN INTERNAL ENERGY WHEN 2 MOLES OF CO ARE CONVERTED TO 2 MOLES OF CO2
AT 1 ATM AND 25˚C.
2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g) ∆H = -566.0 kJ/mol
 THERMOCHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Energy changes which accompany chemical reactions are almost always
expressed by thermochemical equations, such as

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) (25°C, 1 atm pressure)

ΔHm = –890kJ

Note: if the ΔHm is (+)

then it is endothermic,
if it is (-) then it is
exothermic
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
How much heat energy is obtained when 1 kg of ethane gas, C2H6, is burned in oxygen according to the
equation:

2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)

ΔHm = –3120 kJ
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
CALCIUM OXIDE REACTS WITH WATER TO PRODUCE CALCIUM HYDROXIDE AND 65.2 KJ OF HEAT IN THE FOLLOWING
REACTION. HOW MUCH HEAT IS RELEASED WHEN 100.0 G OF CALCIUM OXIDE REACTS WITH EXCESS WATER?

CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(s)

ΔHm = –65.2 kJ

-116.43
56
CALORIMETRY
CALORIMETRY IS THE MEASUREMENT OF
HEAT CHANGES USING THE CALORIMETER.
HEAT CAPACITY AND SPECIFIC HEAT
MOLAR HEAT CAPACITY  IS A MEASURE OF THE AMOUNT OF HEAT  NECESSARY TO RAISE
THE TEMPERATURE OF ONE MOLE OF A PURE SUBSTANCE BY ONE DEGREE K. SPECIFIC
HEAT CAPACITY  IS A MEASURE OF THE AMOUNT OF HEAT  NECESSARY TO RAISE THE
TEMPERATURE OF ONE GRAM OF A PURE SUBSTANCE BY ONE DEGREE K.
SPECIFIC HEAT AND HEAT CAPACITY
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A 466 GRAMS SAMPLE OF WATER IS HEATED FROM 8.50˚C TO 74.60˚C. CALCULATE THE AMOUNT OF HEAT
ABSORBED (IN KJ) BY THE WATER.
GIVEN:
Mass = 466 g
Initial temp = 8.50˚C
Final temp = 74.60 ˚C
SAMPLE PROBLEM
AN IRON BAR OF MASS 869 GRAMS COOLS FROM 94˚C TO 5˚C. CALCULATE THE HEAT RELEASED (IN KJ) BY
THE METAL.
GIVEN:
Mass = 869 g
Initial temp = 94˚C
Final temp = 5˚C