DIALYSIS

DUAA FAROOQ KHAN 11634

AMINA BASHIR 11283
SYED UZAIR IFTIKHAR 13608
QAMAR UD DIN 13071
Definition:

 Dialysis is the process of removing

excess water, solutes, and toxics
from the blood in people whose
kidneys can no longer perform
these functions naturally.
Why Dialysis is Used?

 Properly functioning kidneys prevent extra water, waste, and other impurities from
accumulating in your body.
 They also help control blood pressure and regulate the levels of chemical elements in the
blood.
 When your kidneys can’t perform these functions due to disease or injury, dialysis can help
keep the body running as normally as possible.
Types of Dialysis:
Hemodialysis
 This process uses an artificial kidney
(hemodialyzer) to remove waste and
extra fluid from the blood. The blood is
removed from the body and filtered
through the artificial kidney. The filtered
blood is then returned to the body with
the help of a dialysis machine.
Peritoneal Dialysis
 Peritoneal dialysis involves surgery to
implant a peritoneal dialysis (PD)
catheter into your abdomen. The
catheter helps filter your blood through
the peritoneum, a membrane in your
abdomen.
Dialyzer
A dialyzer is an “artificial kidney.” Its function is to remove the excess wastes and fluid from the blood,
when the patient’s kidneys can no longer perform that task.
Dialyzers are made of a thin, fibrous material. The fibers form a semi permeable membrane, which allows
smaller particles and liquids to pass through. During treatment dialysate and blood flow through the
dialyzer. Fresh dialysate from the machine enters your dialyzer through one opening and blood enters
through the other. Wastes are filtered out of your blood into the dialysate. Dialysate containing waste
products leaves the dialyzer and is washed down the drain, while the cleaned blood goes back into your
body.
To remove excess water from the body during peritoneal dialysis, sugar is added to dialysis fluid. As sugar
molecules cannot easily pass through the peritoneum membrane, body water passes through the peritoneum
into the dialysis fluid, to balance out the difference in fluid concentration. This process is known
as osmosis.
DIFFUSION
Diffusion is the exchange of things dissolved in fluid (solutes) across the
membrane due to differences in the amounts of the solutes on the two sides
(concentration gradient). Dialysis machines control the chemicals in the dialysate
by mixing dialysis fluid concentrates, which are strong versions of the chemicals,
(acetate or sodium bicarbonate plus acetic acid based solutions) with purified
water. The mixing is generally controlled using either conductivity control or by
volumetric control (how much water is mixed with how much chemical) of the
water and concentrates. Sodium profiling (changing the amount of sodium in the
dialysis fluid at different times during the treatment) is used in many modern
dialysis machines to vary the conductivity of the dialysate over the course of the
treatment to improve the total amount of solute removed by diffusion.
Components Used in Hemodialysis:

Arteriovenous (AV) fistula. This type connects an artery and a vein.

It is the preferred option.
AV graft. This type is a looped tube.

Vascular access catheter. This may be inserted into the large vein in

your neck.
Different Types of Peritoneal dialysis:

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). In CAPD, your abdomen is filled and
drained multiple times each day. This method doesn’t require a machine and must be
performed while awake.
Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD). CCPD uses a machine to cycle the fluid in and
out of your abdomen. It’s usually done at night while you sleep.
Intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD). This treatment is usually performed in the hospital,
though it may be performed at home. It uses the same machine as CCPD, but the process
takes longer.
Advantages of Dialysis:

Kidney dialysis allows a person with kidney failure to maintain their health.

The overall effect of this is that the blood leaving the machine and returning into the
patient's arm will have:
greatly reduced levels of urea – it is 'cleaned blood'

no overall change in blood glucose levels

the correct water and ion balance maintained or restored (with only excess ions removed)
Disadvantages of Dialysis:

 Kidney dialysis requires highly specialized and expensive machinery. The patient must be
connected to this machinery 2-3 times a week for periods (on average) of between 4-6
hours at a time.
 As the filtration only works when they are connected, kidney patients must monitor their
diet carefully in between dialysis sessions.
 They need to avoid eating foods with a high salt content or a high protein content as
excess amino acids are broken down into urea.
 Finally, dialysis will only work for a limited amount of time before a transplant is needed,
and sadly many patients will die before a suitable one is found.
“ THANK YOU,
”