Effect of Climate & Nutrition

on Fertility
What is Climate…..???
• Usual condition of the temperature, humidity,
atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, and
other meteorological elements in an area of
the Earth's surface for a long time
• Climatic factors
– Temperature
– Humidity
– Radiant energy
 (Dry bulb Temp °C) + (0.36*dew point Temp °C) + 41.2
Temperature-humidity index (THI)
Animals Response to Heat Stress

Rise in:

Low feed intake?????

General Response to Heat Stress
Fertility Response to Heat Stress
Management strategies

• Economically improving microclimate of animal

– Well ventilated housing or use of trees
– Free access to fresh water
– Fans or Fans with spray nozzles
– Showering/ bath for animals or water
pond/canal
– High energy feed in early hours and during
night
– Free access to loafing areas without
concrete/brick flooring
Physiological approaches
•Timed AI
•Embryo transfer
•Progesterone supplementation
•Antioxidants
•Follicles aspiration and IVEP
Effect of Nutrition on
fertility
Preferential Partitioning of Nutrients in Female
•Maintenance
•Lactation
•Growth or fattening
•Reproduction

DEFICIENCY or TOXICITY

Clinically hard to find out nutrient deficiency

Nutrient Milking cow Dry Cow Toxic / Amount per
Maximum day
Protein (%) 13-17 11 22 2.7-3.2 kg
Energy NE (Mcal/kg) 1.4-1.8 1.2 --- 30-35 Mcal
ME (Mcal/kg) 2.3-2.9 2.2 ---
TDN (%) 63-75 60 --- 13-15.5kg
Crude Fiber (%) 15-17 >20 --- 3.2 kg
ADF (%) 18-22 23-40 --- 4.1 kg
Crude Fat (%) 2 2 --- 0.45 kg
MINERALS
Ca (%) 0.65-0.84 0.4 2.0 145 gm
P (%) 0.35-0.40 0.25 0.7 72 gm
VITAMINS
Vitamin A (IU/day) 50,000 50,000 ++ ---
Vitamin D (IU/day) 10,000 7,500 ++ ---
Vitamin E (IU/day) 300 100 ---
 ENERGY
9.57 Mcal/day for Maintenance
31 Mcal/day for production
•NEGATIVE EFFECTS on Reproduction
– Delayed Puberty & Reduced Postpartum Fertility
•Gaining wt. CR = 67% & Service/conception = 1.5
•Loosing wt. CR = 44% & Service/conception = 2.3
– Animals on high plane conceive earlier than stand. Plan
•High milk producer have lower fertility?
•Over-conditioning: lower fertility (grain)
 PROTEIN
•Optimum level for Maintenance and
Production??????

•NEGATIVE EFFECTS on Reproduction

– Delay puberty, increased open days and
retarded fetal growth

•Elevated ruminal ammonia ?????

•Very high rumen ammonia interfere with
normal fertility
 MINERALS
Calcium: Affects growth & lactation, uterine prolapse
Phosphorus: Delayed puberty & estrus or cystic ovaries
Iodine: Delayed puberty, anestrus, week /dead fetus,
RFM
Copper: Tissue maturation & RBC development &
fertility
Cobalt: Microbial synthesis of vit. B12 in rumen
• Irregular estrus cycles & decreased CR
Manganese: Luteal tissue metabolism, enzyme systems,
abortion
Zinc: Testicular function
 VITAMINS
-Diet -Tissue synthesis -Rumen microbial synthesis
•Vit. A
–Delay puberty, uncoordinated blind calves, RFM
–Carotene role?

•Vit. D
–Ca & P metabolism
–Deficiency >>>>> ovarian inactivity

•Vit. E
–Aids in immune function
–Antioxidant important in cellular metabolism
Rations have to Balanced for
Energy, Protein, Vitamins &
Minerals