Lecture 11

Fourier Transform in
Circuit Analysis (Part 2)
Some Mathematical Properties
 The first mathematical property we call
to your attention is that F(ω) is a
complex quantity and can be expressed
in either rectangular or polar form. Thus
from the defining integral,
Some Mathematical Properties

 Thus, using the definitions above, we get

Some Mathematical Properties
 The following observations about F(co)
are pertinent:
1. The real part of F(ω) – that is, A(ω) – is
an even function of ω; in other words,
A(ω) = A(- ω).
2. The imaginary part of F(ω) – that is,
B(ω) – is an odd function of ω; in other
words, B(ω) = - B(- ω).
3. The magnitude of F(ω) – that is, √(A2(ω)
+ B2(ω)) – is an even function of ω.
Some Mathematical Properties

4. The phase angle of F(ω) – that is, θ(ω)

= tan-1B(ω)/A(ω) – is an odd function of
ω.
5. Replacing ω by - ω generates the
conjugate of F(ω); in other words, F(-
ω) = F*(ω).
 Hence, if f(t) is an even function, F(ω)
is real, and if f(t) is an odd function,
F(ω) is imaginary. If f(t) is even,
Some Mathematical Properties

If f(t) is an even function, its Fourier

transform is an even function, and if f(t) is
an odd function, its Fourier transform is an
odd function. Moreover, if f(t) is an even
function, from the inverse Fourier integral,
Some Mathematical Properties
Some Mathematical Properties
 Thus, the waveforms of A(ω) and f(t)
become interchangeable if f(t) is an even
function. For example, we have already
observed that a rectangular pulse in the
time domain produces a frequency
spectrum of the form (sinω)/ ω.
 Hence a rectangular pulse in the
frequency domain must be generated by
a time-domain function of the form
(sint)/t.
Some Mathematical Properties
 We can illustrate this requirement by
finding the time-domain function f(t)
corresponding to the frequency spectrum
shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1
Some Mathematical Properties
Operational Transforms
 Fourier transforms, like Laplace
transforms, can be classified as
functional and operational.
 We now discuss some of the important
operational transforms.
1. Multiplication by a Constant
Operational Transforms

2. Addition (Subtraction)
Operational Transforms

3. Differentiation

4. Integration
Operational Transforms
5. Scale Change

6. Translation in the Time Domain

7. Translation in the Frequency Domain

Operational Transforms

8. Modulation

9. Convolution in the Time Domain

Operational Transforms

10. Convolution in the Frequency

Domain
Circuit Applications
 The Laplace transform is used more
widely to find the response of a circuit
than is the Fourier transform, for two
reasons. First, the Laplace transform
integral converges for a wider range of
driving functions, and second, it
accommodates initial conditions.
 Despite the advantages of the Laplace
transform, we can use the Fourier
transform to find the response.
Example

 Use the Fourier transform to find io(t) in

the circuit shown in Figure 2. The current
source ig(t) is the signum function
20sgn(t) A.

Figure 2
Solution
Solution
Solution
Parseval's Theorem
 Parseval’s theorem relates the energy
associated with a time-domain function
of finite energy to the Fourier transform
of the function.
 Imagine that the time-domain function f(t)
is either the voltage across or the current
in a 1Ω resistor.
 The energy associated with this function
then is
Parseval's Theorem

 Parseval’s theorem holds that this same

energy can be calculated by an
integration in the frequency domain, or
specifically,
Parseval's Theorem

 We can best demonstrate the validity of

the theorem with a specific example. If
Parseval's Theorem
Example
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution