Group 4

Comparison

A. Comparisonstructure
1. Some studies are based in comparison
Ex: The firstattempttodecodethe humangenometook 10 years;nowit cam bedonelessthana weeks.
2. The twobasicscomparativeforms are
a.(-erisaddedtoone-syllableadjectivesandtwo-syllableadjectivesending in-y, whichchangesintoan i)
Ex:FranceislargerthanSwitzerland.
b. (more . . . isusedwithotheradjectivesoftwoormoresyllables)
Ex :LearningChineseismoredifficultthanlearningEnglish.
3. Comparisoncanbemodifiedusingadverbs.
Ex: SwitzerlandisslightlysmallerthanHolland.
4. Similarity canbenotedbytheuseof as . . . as orthesame as:
Ex: Summers in Tokyo are as wet as in Singapore.
 5. Forms of comparison

1).Comparethesethreepossible forms:
Ex: - Parisianpropertyismoreexpensivethan Roman (property).
Property in Paris ismoreexpensivethan in Rome.
The priceofproperty in Paris ishigherthan in Rome.
2). Notethathigh/ low are usedforcomparingabstractideas (e.g. rates)
Ex : The birthratewashigher 20 yearsago.
3). More/ lessmustbeusedwiththan + comparison:
Ex : Thismoduleismoredifficultthanthelastone.

6. Usingsuperlatives (e.g. thelargest/ Smallest)

1).Whenusingsuperlativestakecaretodefinethegroup, e.g. ‘thecheapestCar’ has nomeaning.

Ex : The cheapestcar in the Ford range/ the fastest car in the USA
2).Themost/ the least are followed byan adjective:
Ex :The mostinterestingexampleisIreland . . .
3).Themost/ thefewest are used in relationtonumbers:
Ex : The feweststudentsstudiedbiogenetics (i.e. thelowestNumber)
 Definitions
Simple definitions
Basic definitions are formed by giving a category and the application:

Word Category Application

An agenda Is a set of issues To be discussed in a meeting

A master’s degree Is an academic award For post-graduate students,

given on completion of a
dissertation
Definitions
Simple Definitions
Definisi dasar dibentuk dengan memberikan kategori dan penerapan:
- Word : Kata utama
- Category : jenis/ kategori dari kata utama
contoh : master degree ( gelar master), termasuk kategori
academic award
- Application : aplikasi/ penggunaan kata tersebut
Contoh : “ for graduate student …”
“(Diaplikasikan) untuk murid yang lulus …”
 Example

Examples are used in academic writing for support and illustration. Suitable examples
can strengthen the argument, and they can also help the reader to understand a point.
This unit demonstrates the different ways in which examples can be introduced, and
practises their use.
1. Using Example

If there information like this :

Many plants and animals are threatened by global warming.

It’s less clear, but if given an example :

Many plants and animals are threatened by global warming. Polar bears, for example, are suffering from
the lack of Arctic ice.
It will be easier for readers to understand what the points of the information
2. Phrases to introduce examples
(a) for instance, for example (with commas)
Some car manufacturers, for instance Hyundai, now offer five-year guarantees.

(b) such as, e.g.

Many successful businessmen such as Bill Gates have no formal qualifications.

(c) particularly, especially (to give a focus)

Certain Masters courses, especially American ones, take two years.

(d) a case in point (for single examples)

A few diseases have been successfully eradicated. A case in point is smallpox.
3. Restatement
Another small group of phrases is used when there is only one
‘example’. (Brackets may also be used for this purpose.) This is a kind
of restatement to clarify the meaning:
The world’s leading gold producer namely South Africa has been faced with a number of technical
difficulties.

You can also use :

in other words namely that is (to say) i.e. viz (very formal)
Generalisations
Compare the following:

Because children were vaccinated diseases declined

(because + verb)
Because of the vaccination diseases declined
(because of + noun)
As/ since children were vaccinated diseases declined
(conjunction + verb)
Owing to/ due to the vaccination diseases declined
(conjunction + noun)
Conjunctions are commonly used with specific situations, while verbs tend
to be used in general cases:
Printing money commonly leads to inflation
(general)
Due to July’s hot weather demand for ice cream increased
(specific)
Numbers
• The language of numbers
• Percentages
• Simplification
• Further numerical phrases