ELECTRIC POWER

TRANMISSION AND
DISTRIBUTION EQUIPMENT
CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSMISSION LINES

TRANMISSION LINE LENGTH VOLTAGES

Short Transmission Line Up to 5o km < 20 kv

Medium Transmission Line 50-150 km >20 kv

<100kv

Long Transmission Line More than > 100kv

50km
 Equipment and Accessories

1. Liue Support
2. Conductors
3. Insulators
4. Busbars
5. Isolators
6. Cross-arms
7. Lightening arrestors
8. Circuit breakers
9. Relays
10. Guy Wire and Earth Wire
11. Transformers
 Line Support or Towers

Properties:
• High mechanical strength to withstand weight of conductor.
• Light in weight
• Cheap in cost
• Longer life
• Easy accessibility of conductor for maintenance

Types of Line Support

• Wooden Poles
• Steel Poles
• RCC Poles
• Lattice Steel Towers
 Wooden Poles

• Shorter span up to 50m

• Less cost and used for
distribution purpose in rural
areas
• Pesticides required (e.g
creosote oil)
• Used for voltage up to 20kv
• Smaller life (20-25 years)
• Less mechanical strength
• Made of Sal or Chir
• Moderate cross-sectional area
 Steel Poles

• Greater mechanical strength

• Longer life
• Larger spans
• Used for distribution purpose in
cities.
• Three Types

-Rail Poles
-Tubular Poles
-Rolled Steel Joints
 Reinforced Concrete Poles (RCC)

• Greater mechanical strength

• Longer life
• Long spans
• Good outlook
• Little Maintenance
• Good insulating properties
• Two types

-Single Pole
-Double Pole
 Lattice Steel Tower

• Longer life
• Longer span
• Greater mechanical stregnth
• For long distance at high
voltage
• Tower footings are usually
grounded bu driving rods into
earth. This minimizes lightning
troubles as each tower act as
ligning conductor.
 INSULATORS

Overhead Line Insulators

• The insulators for overhead lines provide
insulation to the power conductor from
ground.
• The insulator are connected to the cross
arm of the tower and the power
conductor passes through the clamp of
the insulator.
• The insulators have high mechanical
strength , high electrical strength, high
insulation resistance. They are free from
impurities and moisture and can
withstand the flashover phenomenon.
 TYPES OF INSULATORS

PIN TYPE INSULATOR

• Pin type insulator consists of a single or

a multiple units. They are secured to the
cross arm of the pole.
• Pin type insulator can be used only up to
33kv .
• Beyond operating voltage of 33kv , the
pin type insulator become too bulky
and hence uneconomical.
 TYPES OF INSULATORS

SUSPENSION TYPE INSULATOR

• Suspension insulator consists of porcelain

discs unit mounted one above each other.
Each disc is provided with a meta cap at
the top and a metal pin under.
• A string of any number of units can be built
according to the line operating voltage.
• The conductor is suspended below the point
of support by means of insulator string.
• The number of discs in a string depends on
the line voltage and the atmospheric
conditions.
 TYPES OF INSULATORS

Voltage 66kv 132kv 220kv 400kv

Number of 4-5 9-10 15-16 22-23
Discs

• Suspension type insulators are cheaper than pin type

insulator.
• If any one string is damaged, it can be replaced by a second
one.
• Each unit is designed for a low voltage. Depending upon the
working voltage , number of units can be connected.
 TYPES OF INSULATORS

STRAIN INSULATOR

• These are special mechanical strong

suspension insulators.
• They are used to take the tension of the
conductors at the line terminals , at angle
towers and at road crossings.
• The string are placed in horizontal plane.
• Two or three strings of insulators in parallel
can be used when the tension in conductor is
very high.
 ISOLATORS

• Isolators are mechanical switching

devices capable of opening or closing a
circuit.
• It is operated in the off load condition
only
• Its main purpose is to isolate one portion
of the circuit from the other and is not
intended to be opened while current is
flowing in the line.
• Isolators are generally used on both
ends of the breaker can be done without
and danger.
TYPES OF CROSS ARMS
 LIGHTENING ARRESTORS

• A lightening arrester is a device used on

electrical power systems and
telecommunications system to protect the
insulation and conductors of the system
from the damaging effect of lightning.
• The typical lightning arrester has a high
voltage terminal and a ground terminal
• When a lightning surge travels along the
power line to the arrester, the current
from the surge is diverted through the
arrestors , in kost cases to earth.
 TYPES OF LIGHTENING ARRESTORS

• Rod gap arrestor

• Horn gap arrestor

• Multigap arrestor

• Expulsion type arrestor

• Valve type arrestor

 CIRCUIT BREAKER

• A circuit breaker is an equipment that breaks a circuit either

manually or automatically under all condtions at no load , full
load or short circuit.

Operating Principle
Two contacts called electrode remains closed under normal
operating conditions. When fault occurs on any part of the system ,
the trip coil of the circuit breaker get energized and contacts are
separated.
TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER
 AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER

• Air blast circuit breaker s employ high pressure air blast as an arc
quenching medium.
• Under normal condition the contact are closed. When a fault is
occurs contacts are opened and an arc is struck between them.
• The opening of contacts are done by a flow of air blast
established by the opening of blast valve (located between air
reservoir and arcing chamber.)
 OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER

• Oil circuit breaker (OCB) are such type of the circuit breakers
where oil is used as arc quenching media as well as insulating
media between current carrying contacts and earthed parts of the
breaker .
• The oil is used here is same a s transformer insulating oil.
 VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER

• Vacuum is used as an arc quenching

medium.
• Have a greatest insulating strength
• Used in 11kv panel in control room of
grid station.
ADVANTAGES
• Compact reliable and have longer life
• No fire hazards
• No generation of gas during and after
operation
• Can interrupt any fault current
• No noise is produced while operating
• Require less power for control operation.
 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

• Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) gas is used

as an arc quenching medium.
• SF6 is an electro –negative gas
• It ha s a strong tendency to absorb
electrons
• When contact are opened in a high
pressure flow of SF6 gas , arc produced
• Free electron in the arc are captured by
the gas which build up enough insulation
strength to extinguish arc.
• It is much effective for high power and
high voltages services.
 RELAY

A relay is a automatic device which senses an abnormal

conditions of electric circuit and closes its contact.
 RELAY

A protection relay is a smart device that receives inputs,

compares them to set points, and provides output . Inputs can
be current , voltage, resistance or temperature.
Output can include visual feedback in the form of indicators
light.
 RELAY

INPUT- A relay needs information from the system to make

decision.

SETTINGS- The user program settings allow realy to make

decision.

PROCESS- Once input are connected and settings are program ,

the relay compares there and make decision.

OUTPUT- The relay will operate a switch to indicate that the

input has surpassed a setting , or the relay can provide
notifications through visual feedback such as a meter or LED.
 TYPES OF RELAY
Types of protection relays are mainly based on their
characteristics , logic , on actuating parameter and operation
mechanism.

Based on operation of mechanism;

• Electromagnetic relay
• Static Relay
• Mechanical Relay

Based on actuating parammeter;

• Current Relay
• Voltage Relay
• Frequency Realy
• Power Relay
 TYPES OF RELAY
Based on characteristics;
• Definite time realy
• Inverse time relay with definite minimun
• Instantaneous relay
• IDMT with measurement
• Stepped Characteristics
• Programmed Switches
• Voltage restraints over electric current relay

Based on application
• Primary Relay
• Back up Relay
 GUY WIRE OR EARTH WIRES

A guy wire , guy line or guy rope , is also

known a simply a guy ,it is a tensioned
cable designed to add stability to a free
standing structure.

Earth wire are bare conductors

supported at the top of the transmission
towers. They serve to shield the line and
intercept lightning stroke before it hits
the current carrying conductors below.
Ground wires normally do not carry
current.
TRANSFORMER
 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

• It is a transformer that is used in conjunction with

any measuring instruments (i.e, Ammeter,
Voltmeter, Wattmeter, Watt-hour meter ) or protective
equipment (i.e relay)

• It utilizes the current transformation and voltage

transformation properties to measure high AC
current and voltage.

Types of Instrument Transformer

Current transformer
Potential Transformer
 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

• A current transformer is a transformer, which produce in its

secondary winding low current, which is proportional to the
high current flowing in its primary winding.
• The secondary current is usually much smaller in magnitude
than the primary current.
• The design of current transformer on which type of
instruments is connected to its secondary winding.
Measuring instruments or Protective instruments.
Measuring Instruments- is expected to give accurate results
up to a maximum of 125% of its normal full-load rated
current.
Potencial Instruments- is expected to be accurate for up to 20
times of its normal full-load rated current.
 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

• A potential Transformer or sometimes called Voltage

Transformer is a step down transformer having many
primary turns but few secondary turns.

• In a step down transformer the voltage decreases and the

current increases , thus voltage can be easily measured by
using a low- range voltmeter instruments.

• The voltage is stepped down in a known ratio called the

voltage ratio.
 POWER TRANSFORMER

Power transformer are generally used in transmision network

for stepping up or down the voltage level.

It operates mainly during high or peak loads and has a

maximum efficiency at or near full load.
 POWER TRANSFORMER

Power transformer are generally used in transmision network

for stepping up or down the voltage level.

It operates mainly during high or peak loads and has a

maximum efficiency at or near full load.