Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PENYAKIT VASKULAR - I
Oleh: Bryan Christian, Harri Hardi, Komang Shary K.
Narasumber: dr. Taofan, SpJP (K)
Braverman AC. Disease of the aorta. In: Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO, Braumwald E, ed. Braunwald’s Heart Disease: A Textbook of
Cardiovascular Medicine. USA: Elsevier; 2015. pp 1277-302
Klasifikasi Aneurisma Aorta Berdasar
Lokasi
Aorta Asenden
(60%)
Aneurisma
Arkus Aorta
Aorta
(10%)
Thorakalis
Aorta
Desenden
(30%)
Aneurisma
Aorta
Abdominalis
Liang F, Creager MA. Disease of peripheral vasculature. In: Lilly LS, ed. Pathophysiology of Heart Disease: A Collaborative Project of Medical Student and Faculty. 5 th ed. USA:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011. pp 339-46
Histologi Aorta
Liang F, Creager MA. Disease of peripheral vasculature. In: Lilly LS, ed. Pathophysiology of Heart Disease: A Collaborative Project of Medical Student and Faculty. 5 th ed. USA:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011. pp 339-46
https://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat2/histology/artery3.jpg
Tipe Aneurisma Aorta
ANEURISMA: terdilatasinya
tunika intima, media, dan
adventitia
• Fusiform: simetris
• Saccular: sebagian segmen
PSEUDOANEURISMA: ruptur
tunika intima dan media, darah
tertampung di tunika adventitia
Liang F, Creager MA. Disease of peripheral vasculature. In: Lilly LS, ed. Pathophysiology of Heart Disease: A Collaborative Project of Medical Student and Faculty. 5 th ed. USA:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011. pp 339-46
Braverman AC. Disease of the aorta. In: Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO, Braumwald E, ed. Braunwald’s Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. USA: Elsevier;
2015. pp 1277-302
Etiologi
Liang F, Creager MA. Disease of peripheral vasculature. In: Lilly LS, ed. Pathophysiology of Heart Disease: A Collaborative Project of Medical Student and
Faculty. 5th ed. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011. pp 339-46
Prevalensi dan Rekomendasi Screening
Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P. Braunwald’s Heart Disease, A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2012
Lee CT, Williams GH, Lilly LS. Hypertension. In: Pathophysiology of Heart Disease. Editor: Lilly LS. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011
Aggarwal S, Qamar A, Sharma V. Abdominal aortic aneurysm: A comprehensive review. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2011 Spring; 16(1): 11–15.
Diagnosis Aneurisma (1)
Terdiagnosis tidak sengaja pada pemeriksaan foto polos
Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P. Braunwald’s Heart Disease, A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2012
http://img.medscape.com/pi/features/slideshow-slide/non-intestinal-xray/fig6.jpg
Diagnosis Aneurisma (2)
Terdapat keluhan diperiksakan USG serta CT dengan kontras
Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P. Braunwald’s Heart Disease, A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2012
Tatalaksana Aneurisma
Terdiagnosis Evaluasi setiap
Lihat ukuran
Aneurisma 6-12 bulan
Evaluasi dapat dilakukan setiap 2-3 tahun apabila aneurisma tidak bertambah besar
Liang F, Creager MA. Disease of peripheral vasculature. In: Lilly LS, ed. Pathophysiology of Heart Disease: A Collaborative Project
of Medical Student and Faculty. 5th ed. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011. pp 339-46
Tatalaksana Operasi
http://www.esteemmedical.com.hk/img/aaa/aaa7-english.jpg
Prognosis Pasien Aneurisma
Aneurisma Aorta Thorakalis Aneurisma Aorta Abdominalis
Diameter Risiko Diameter Risiko
pecah/tahun pecah/tahun
<5 cm 2% <4 cm 0,3%
5-5,9 cm 3% 4-4,9 cm 1,5%
>6 cm 7% 5-5,9 cm 6,5%
Liang F, Creager MA. Disease of peripheral vasculature. In: Lilly LS, ed. Pathophysiology of Heart Disease: A
Collaborative Project of Medical Student and Faculty. 5th ed. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011. pp 339-46
Kegawatdaruratan Aneurisma
RUPTUR
Perdarahan
Aneurisma aorta thorakalis
Mortalitas: 90% • Rongga pleura
Triad klasik (25-50% kasus) • Mediastinum
• Nyeri • Bronkus
• Hipotensi Aneurisma aorta
• Massa berdenyut abdominalis
• Rongga abdomen
• Retroperitoneal
• Saluran cerna
Assar AN, Zarins CK. Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: a surgical emergency with many clinical presentations.
Postgrad Med J. 2009 May;85(1003):268-73.
1.2. DISEKSI AORTA
PENYAKIT AORTA
Diseksi Aorta
Liang F, Creager MA. Disease of peripheral vasculature. In: Lilly LS, ed. Pathophysiology of Heart Disease: A Collaborative Project of Medical Student
and Faculty. 5th ed. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011. pp 339-46
Sindrom Akut aorta
Braverman AC. Disease of the aorta. In: Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO, Braumwald E, ed. Braunwald’s Heart Disease: A Textbook of
Cardiovascular Medicine. USA: Elsevier; 2015. pp 1277-302
Patofisiologi Diseksi Aorta (Hipotesis)
Braverman AC. Disease of the aorta. In: Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO, Braumwald E, ed. Braunwald’s
Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. USA: Elsevier; 2015. pp 1277-302
Klasifikasi Diseksi Aorta
Klasifikasi DeBakey
I = berasal dari aorta asenden, melibatkan arkus aorta
II = berasal dari aorta asenden, tidak melibatkan struktur lain
III = berasal dari aorta desenden
Klasifikasi Stanford
A: melibatkan aorta asenden
B: tidak melibatkan aorta asenden
Braverman AC. Disease of the aorta. In: Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO, Braumwald E, ed. Braunwald’s Heart Disease: A Textbook of
Cardiovascular Medicine. USA: Elsevier; 2015. pp 1277-302
Epidemiologi dan Faktor Risiko
Epidemiologi:
2/3 pasien dengan diseksi aorta
memiliki riwayat hipertensi
Lokasi: Asenden (65%), Desenden
(20%)
Faktor risiko:
• Genetik
• Penyakit jantung lain
• Trauma
• Infeksi
The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases of the
European Society of Cardiology (ESC). 2014 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis
and treatment of aortic diseases. European Heart Journal (2014) 35, 2873–
2926
Manifestasi Klinis
1. Liang F, Creager MA. Disease of peripheral vasculature. In: Lilly LS, ed. Pathophysiology of Heart Disease: A Collaborative Project of Medical Student and Faculty.
5th ed. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011. pp 339-46
2. Braverman AC. Disease of the aorta. In: Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO, Braumwald E, ed. Braunwald’s Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular
Medicine. USA: Elsevier; 2015. pp 1277-302
Pemeriksaan Penunjang
Terduga diseksi aorta foto thoraks
Braverman AC. Disease of the aorta. In: Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO, Braumwald E, ed. Braunwald’s Heart Disease: A Textbook of
Cardiovascular Medicine. USA: Elsevier; 2015. pp 1277-302
Diagnosis (Ringkasan)
Smith AD, Schoenhagen P. CT-Imaging for acute aortic syndrome. Cleve Clin J Med. 2008 Jan;75(1):7-9
Tatalaksana
Stanford Stanford
A B Operasi dilakukan
Farmakologi
apabila terdapat
bersamaan
ruptur ataupun
dengan operasi
nyeri
segera
berkelanjutan
Farmakologi:
Menurunkan tekanan sistolik (target 100-120)
Mengurangi kontraksi ventrikel kiri sehingga tekanan berkurang dengan beta
blocker
Braverman AC. Disease of the aorta. In: Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO, Braumwald E, ed. Braunwald’s Heart Disease: A Textbook of
Cardiovascular Medicine. USA: Elsevier; 2015. pp 1277-302
1.3. KOARKTASIO AORTA
PENYAKIT AORTA
KOARKTASIO AORTA
Liang F, Creager MA. Diseases of the peripheral vasculature. In: Lilly LS, editor. Pathophysiology of heart disease. 5th
Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Klasifikasi
1. Duktal (infantile)
• penyempitan terjadi proksimal
dari duktus akibat hipoplasia
• disebabkan oleh kelainan jantung
aliran darah menuju bagian kiri
jantung.
2. Postduktal (adult)
• terjadi karena perluasan jaringan
otot duktus ke aorta pada janin.
• Ketika jaringan duktus mengalami
konstriksi setelah partus, jaringan
ektopik di dalam aorta juga
berkonstriksi obstruksi.
Liang F, Creager MA. Diseases of the peripheral vasculature. In: Lilly LS, editor.
Pathophysiology of heart disease. 5th Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Manifestasi Klinis
• Berat gagal jantung segera setelah dilahirkan.
• koarktasio preduktal sianosis diferensial jika duktus arteriosus masih
terbuka
• Postduktal tidak berat
• PF: denyut nadi arteri femoralis yang lambat dan lemah + peningkatan
tekanan darah pada ekstremitas atas.
• Bunyi jantung:
• Murmur ejeksi middiastolik akibat aliran darah yang melalui koarktasio dapat
ditemukan
• Pada orang dewasa, sirkulasi arteri kolateral dapat menimbulkan murmur yang
continuous pada dada.
Liang F, Creager MA. Diseases of the peripheral vasculature. In: Lilly LS, editor.
Pathophysiology of heart disease. 5th Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Diagnosis dan Tatalaksana
Tata laksana
Diagnosis
• Pada neonatus dengan obstruksi berat,
• EKG infus prostaglandin duktus
• Hipertrofi ventrikel kiri arteriosus tetap paten
• Ekokardiografi • Pembedahan:
• adalah eksisi segmen aorta yang
• Foto polos toraks menyempit end-to-end
• Hipertrofi ventrikel reanastomosis & direct repair of the
• Penyempitan aorta coarctation
• anak-anak yang lebih tua, orang dewasa,
Liang F, Creager MA. Diseases of the peripheral vasculature. In: Lilly LS,
pasien dengan koarktasio rekuren setelah
editor. Pathophysiology of heart disease. 5th Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott reparasi intervensi transkateter
Williams & Wilkins.
II. PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL
DISEASE
DEFINISI
Penyempitan
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Fungsional
Gejala Timbul (spasme)
• ↑kebutuhan metabolik jaringan yg iskemik (aktivitas)
• Ada tidaknya sirkulasi kolateral
• Ukuran & lokasi arteri yang terkena
Pasokan darah ke
SUMBER:
Perifer Terhambat
1. Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, Bakal CW, Creager MA, Halperin JL, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 practice guidelines for management of patient
with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic). Circulation. 2006;113:e463-e654.
2. Liang F, Creager MA. Diseases of the peripheral vasculature. In: Lilly LS, editor. Pathophysiology of heart disease. 5th Ed. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2011. p. 339-360.
3. Abdulhannan P, Russell DA, Homer-Vanniasinkam S. Peripheral arterial disease: a literature review. British Medical Bulletin. 2012; 104: 21–39
SUMBER: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/sites/www.nhlbi.nih.gov/files/images_281
SUMBER: http://patienteducationcenter.org/wp-content/themes/default/image.php?image=189368
EPIDEMIOLOGI
Insiden Meningkat seiring pertambahan
usia ( 60 hingga 70-an)
Laki-laki >> Wanita
Pembentukan
fatty streak
inflamasi
tunika intima
Disfungsi
endotel
SUMBER:
1. Abdulhannan P, Russell DA, Homer-Vanniasinkam S. Peripheral arterial disease: a literature review. British Medical Bulletin. 2012; 104: 21–39
2. Shammas NW. Epidemiology, classification, and modifiable risk factors of peripheral arterial disease. Vascular Health and Risk Management. 2007:3(2) 229–234
PATOFISIOLOGI
• Non-Aterosklerosis
SUMBER:
1. Abdulhannan P, Russell DA, Homer-Vanniasinkam S. Peripheral arterial disease: a literature review. British Medical Bulletin. 2012; 104: 21–39
2. Shammas NW. Epidemiology, classification, and modifiable risk factors of peripheral arterial disease. Vascular Health and Risk Management. 2007:3(2) 229–234
ANATOMI
ARTERI SUMBER: http://www.edoctoronline.com/medical-atlas.asp?c=4&id=2979
FAKTOR RISIKO
= penyebab penyakit arteri koroner !!
MODIFIABLE NON- MODIFIABLE
Diabetes dan
Obesitas
hipertensi
SUMBER:
1. Creager MA, Loscalzo J. Vascular diseases of extremities. In: Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Longo DL, Braunwald E, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, et al, editor. Harrison’s Cardiovascular
Medicine. McGrawHill. 2010. p. 454.
2. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Who is at risk for peripheral arterial disease? [Webpage]. [Diakses pada 19 Oktober 2014]. Tersedia dari:
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pad/atrisk.html
Klasifikasi
I. PAD Asimtomatik
SUMBER: Gerhard-Hermann MD, Gornik HL, Barret C, Barshes NR, Corriere MA, Drachman DE, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity
peripheral artery disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2016),
Klasifikasi
SUMBER: Shammas NW. Epidemiology, classification, and modifiable risk factors of peripheral arterial disease. Vascular Health and Risk Management. 2007:3(2) 229–234
Interpretasi ABI
2.2. Klaudikasio Intermiten
PAD
Klaudikasio Intermiten
• Definisi: Kram otot / nyeri yg berasal dari vaskular pada ekstremitas bawah
timbul saat aktivitas & segera menghilang dgn istirahat (<10 menit)
• Anamnesis
• Faktor risiko
• Pemeriksaan Fisis
Nadi (tibialis posterior > dorasilis
pedis), semua arteri :
Kulit : kelembapan, • 0 = absen Buerger test, Multiple
• 1 = berkurang Suhu, CRT, aritmia
ulkus, gangren Allen test pulse/bruit PAD
• 2 = normal
• 3 = di atas normal
Gerhard-Hermann MD, Gornik HL, Barret C, Barshes NR, Corriere MA, Drachman DE, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease. Journal
of the American College of Cardiology (2016),
• Diagnosis diferensial: Nyeri Sendi, Pseudoklaudikasio
Pemeriksaan Penunjang :
Laboratorium :
• Hb, Ht
• GDS, HbA1c (pasien DM)
• Profil Lipid (pasien dyslipidemia)
• Ur/Cr
• Parameter/faktor-faktor pembekuan
• Elektrolit
EKG
Duplex Ultrasound
USG Doppler
Gerhard-Hermann MD, Gornik HL, Barret C, Barshes NR, Corriere MA, Drachman DE, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease. Journal
of the American College of Cardiology (2016),
PENDEKATAN KLINIS
American College of Cardiology Foundation and the American Heart Association. Managements of patients with peripheral artery disease: ACCF/AHA pocket guideline.
USA: Elsevier; 2011.
American College of Cardiology Foundation and
the American Heart Association. Managements of
patients with peripheral artery disease: ACCF/AHA
pocket guideline. USA: Elsevier; 2011.
DIAGNOSIS BANDING
Gerhard-Hermann MD, Gornik HL, Barret C, Barshes NR, Corriere MA, Drachman DE, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease. Journal
of the American College of Cardiology (2016),
Alur Diagnosis
&
Tata Laksana
PAD
Gerhard-Hermann MD, Gornik HL, Barret C, Barshes NR, Corriere MA, Drachman DE, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC
guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease. Journal of the American
College of Cardiology (2016),
TATALAKSANA
Gerhard-Hermann MD, Gornik HL, Barret C, Barshes NR, Corriere MA, Drachman DE, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease. Journal of the American College
of Cardiology (2016),
NON - MEDIKAMENTOSA
• Modifikasi Faktor
Risiko !!
• Olahraga Teratur :
• Intensitas ringan
Klaudikasio
• Treadmill exercise /
berjalan selama 50 menit
per kali latihan – diselingi
istirahat setiap 5-10 menit
Gerhard-Hermann MD, Gornik HL, Barret C, Barshes NR, Corriere MA, Drachman DE, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease. Journal of the American College
of Cardiology (2016),
MEDIKAMENTOSA
• Terapi Simptomatis & Kontrol Faktor Risiko Terapi 3 Bulan
• Simptomatis anti-platelet (↓ risiko) Pertama
Asam
Asetil- • 75-325 mg/hari PO Evaluasi
Salisilat
Clopidogrel • 75 mg/hari PO
Gerhard-Hermann MD, Gornik HL, Barret C, Barshes NR, Corriere MA, Drachman DE, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease. Journal of the American College
of Cardiology (2016),
2.4. Acute Limb Ischemia (ALI)
PAD
Acute Limb Ischemia (ALI)
DEFINISI
PENTING !!
Gerhard-Hermann MD, Gornik HL, Barret C, Barshes NR, Corriere MA, Drachman DE, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease. Journal
of the American College of Cardiology (2016), doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.007
Abdulhannan P, Russell DA, Homer-Vanniasinkam S. Peripheral arterial disease: a literature review. British Medical Bulletin. 2012; 104: 21–39
ALI: Etiologi Oklusi Arteri Akut
• Etiologi
– Emboli
– Pembentukan trombus in situ
• Pemeriksaan penunjang
– Bunyi bruit
– USG Angiografi
SUMBER: Liang F, Creager MA. Diseases of the peripheral vasculature. In: Lilly LS, editor. Pathophysiology of heart disease. 5th Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
2011. p. 339-360.
ALI: Alur
Diagnosis
SUMBER: Gerhard-Hermann MD, Gornik HL, Barret C,
Barshes NR, Corriere MA, Drachman DE, et al. 2016
AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with
lower extremity peripheral artery disease. Journal of the
American College of Cardiology (2016),
ALI: Klasifikasi
Viabel :
• ektremitas terancam kehilangan jaringan (-)
• kehilangan sensorik (-)
• kelemahan otot (-)
• vena & arteri masih terdeteksi dengan Doppler
Threatened :
• Kelemahan motorik & penurunan sensorik ringan- sedang
• arteri tdk terdeteksi melalui Doppler, vena masih
• Marginally
• Immediately
Irreversible :
• kerusakan/kehilangan jaringan / kerusakan saraf permanen
• Anestesi – Paralysis
• Vena serta arteri (-) dideteksi dengan Doppler
SUMBER: Gerhard-Hermann MD, Gornik HL, Barret C, Barshes NR, Corriere MA, Drachman DE, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity
peripheral artery disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2016),
ALI: TATALAKSANA
• Pemberian oksigen
• Terapi farmakologis anti-nyeri :
• Oral: bic nat 3x 500 mg, alupurinol 3 x 500 mg, asam mefenamat 3x 500 mg
• IV: pentoksifilin 1.200 mg/24 jam, NacL 0,9% 500 ml/24 jam, pethidine 12-25 mg bolus atau morphine
2 mg bolus bila nyeri hebat dapat diberikan heparinisasi pada semua stadium ALI.
• Revaskularisasi dapat dilakukan dengan trombolisis dengan kateter atau dengan
trombolektomi.
• Kategori viable (kategori I) revaskularisasi dilakukan 6-24 jam
• Kategori IIa dan IIb harus dilakukan <6 jam
• Amputasi harus dilakukan derajat III
• Pemberian warfarin pasca revaskularisasi 3-6 bulan bila perdarahan (evaluasi
INR/bulan) berikan antiplatelet
SUMBER: Gerhard-Hermann MD, Gornik HL, Barret C, Barshes NR, Corriere MA, Drachman DE, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity
peripheral artery disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2016),
2.3. Critical Limb Ischemia
(CLI)
PAD
CLI
• Ischemic rest pain, tissue loss, atau gangren pada keadaan
terdapatnya PAD dan hipoperfusi ekstremitas bawah.
• Sekitar 1-3% pasien ALI mengalami CLI
SUMBER:
Shishehbor MH, White CJ, Gray BH, Menard MT, Lookstein R, Rosenfield K, et al. Critical Limb Ischemia, An Expert Statement. Journal of
American College of Cardiology. 2016; 68:2002–15. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.04.071.
Klasifikasi
SUMBER:
Shishehbor MH, White CJ, Gray BH, Menard MT, Lookstein R, Rosenfield K, et al. Critical Limb Ischemia, An Expert Statement. Journal of
American College of Cardiology. 2016; 68:2002–15. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.04.071.
Patofisiologi
• Rest pain
• Berbaring penurunan aliran darah ke ekstremitas bawah nyeri
iskemik
• Pembentukan ulcus
• Multifaktorial: tekanan, trauma, insufisiensi vena, gagal jantung, hygiene,
DM (neuropati)
• Insufisiensi arteri perlu dicari
• Diperberat dengan edema lokal dan faktor-faktor lain spt. merokok
SUMBER:
Shishehbor MH, White CJ, Gray BH, Menard MT, Lookstein R, Rosenfield K, et al. Critical Limb Ischemia, An Expert Statement. Journal of
American College of Cardiology. 2016; 68:2002–15. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.04.071.
Manajemen Multidisiplin
SUMBER:
Shishehbor MH, White CJ, Gray BH, Menard MT, Lookstein R, Rosenfield K, et al. Critical Limb Ischemia, An Expert Statement. Journal of
American College of Cardiology. 2016; 68:2002–15. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.04.071.
Algoritma Manajemen
SUMBER:
Shishehbor MH, White CJ, Gray BH, Menard
MT, Lookstein R, Rosenfield K, et al. Critical
Limb Ischemia, An Expert Statement. Journal
of American College of Cardiology. 2016;
68:2002–15. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.04.071.
Tata Laksana
• Revaskularisasi:
• Open surgical
• Endovascular revascularization
• Terapi Medikamentosa mencegah infark miokard, stroke, dan
kematian; membantu mempercepat penyembuhan luka,
mencegah amputasi, mengontrol faktor risiko
SUMBER:
Shishehbor MH, White CJ, Gray BH, Menard MT, Lookstein R, Rosenfield K, et al. Critical Limb Ischemia, An Expert Statement. Journal of
American College of Cardiology. 2016; 68:2002–15. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.04.071.
Terima kasih