GLOBAL

MIGRATION

Group F BSA-2A
 Learning o Distinguish the benefits and detriments of

Atobjectives
sending countries
the end of this lesson, students will o To understand the problem of human
be able to: trafficking
o To know the effects and factors of Human
o Define migration in their own words
trafficking to migrants
o Classify the various types of migration
o To know the legal response of different
o Identify the reasons for the migration of
agencies and organization concerning to
people
the problem of Human Trafficking.
o Know the impacts of migration
o Understand the key issues in Migration
and Development
o Recognize the challenges posed by
migration in the nation-state
01
Nature,
Types and
causes of
migration
By: Cristy Ann Quiamco
 - Is the movement of people from
one place in the world to another

MIGRA
for the purpose of taking up
permanent or semi-permanent
residence, usually across a political
boundary.

TION - Is the movement of persons away

from their place of usual residence,
either across an international
border or within a State. (IOM)

1 2
  Since the earliest times, humanity has
been on the move.
Migration occurs at a variety of scales:
 Intercontinental – between continents
 Intracontinental – between countries
on a given continent
 Interregional – within countries
The country or place from which the
migrant begins is called the origin.
The country or place to which the migrant
travels is called the destination.
In between the origin and the destination,
the migrant is described as being en-route.
3 4
EMIGRATION
 From the perspective of the country of
departure, the act of moving from one’s
country of nationality or usual residence to
another country, so that the country of
destination effectively becomes his or her
new country of usual residence.
 leaving one country to move to another
IMMIGRATION
 From the perspective of the country of
arrival, the act of moving into a country
other than one’s country of nationality or
usual residence, so that the country of
destination effectively becomes his or her
new country of usual residence.
 moving into a new country
  Human migrations within recorded
history have transformed the entire International
aspect of lands and continents and the
racial, ethnic, linguistic composition of Organization for
their populations.

 The largest migration in history was

Migration (IOM)
IOM is the leading inter-governmental
the so called Great Atlantic
Migration from Europe to North organization in the field of migration.
America.
IOM works to ensure the orderly and
 Between 1820 to 1980, the total humane management of migration, to
number of Europeans reaching promote international cooperation on
the United States amounted to 37 migration issues, to assist in the search for
million.
practical solutions to migration problems
and to provide humanitarian assistance to
migrants in need, including refugees and
internally displaced people.

5 6
 PEOPLE WHO
MIGRATE
MIGRANT
• is a person who moves away from their
place of usual residence, whether within a
country or across an international border,
temporarily or permanently, and for a
variety of reasons.
REFUGEE
• is a person who is entering a country from
another to make a new home.
PEOPLE WHO Migrate
INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSON (IDP)
• A person who is forced to leave his or her
home region because of unfavorable
conditions but does not cross any
boundaries.
TRAFFICKED MIGRANTS
• are those who are moved by deception or
coercion for the purposes of exploitation

ASYLUM SEEKER
• is an individual who is seeking
international protection.

7 8
 1. INTERNAL MIGRATION

Types
 This refers to a change of residence
within national boundaries, such as
between states, provinces, cities, or
municipalities involving the
establishment of a new temporary or

of
permanent residence.

 Urban to Rural, Rural to Urban, Urban

to Urban, Rural to Rural

MIGRA  An internal migrant refers to people

who moves from their usual residence
another place within country

TION
9 10
2. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
 The movement of persons away from
their place of usual residence and
across an international border to a
country of which they are not nationals.
 An international migrant is someone
who moves to a different country.
 According to the IOM World Migration
Report 2020, as of June 2019 the
number of international migrants was
estimated to be almost 272 million
globally.
 December 18 is celebrated as the
International Migrants Day
11
TYPES OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS
(UNESCO and Castles,2000)
Temporary Labor Migrants
o These are people who migrate for a
limited time period to be employed
o Labor migration represents the
movement of individuals from one
country to another with the purpose of
seeking work
o Nearly 2/3 of the number of identified
migrants by IOM are labor migrants
Highly Skilled Business Migrants
o These are qualified people for
managerial and executive positions
12
Forced Migration
o Is the movement of persons who have
been forced to leave their in order to
avoid the effects of armed conflict,
situations of generalized violence,
violations of human rights or natural or
human-made disasters
o Over the past 10 years, the number of
forcibly displaced people both within
countries and across borders has grown
by over 50%.
o Environmental migration is the
movement of people due to sudden or
long-term changes to their local
environment that adversely affect their
lives or living conditions
13
o Seasonal migration is the process of
moving for a period of time in response
to labor or climate conditions
Family Reunification
o These people maintain family ties by
joining the people who have already
entered an immigration country under
one of the previously mentioned
categories.
o Chain migration is series of migrations
within a family or defined group of
people.
14
Irregular, undocumented, illegal migrants
o They enter a country usually in search for
employment without the necessary
documents and permits
Return Migrants
o people who return to their countries of
origin after a time period in another
country
o Return migration is moving back from
where you came from.
Assisted Voluntary return –
support to migrants unable to remain in
the host country
o It can also be Forced return
Involuntary return – the migrant
does not accept it
Assisted Forced return –
involuntary return ad the migrant accepts

o It can be Voluntary return

Spontaneous return – the
independent return of a migrants

15 16
 causes PUSH FACTORS
• are the things encouraging someone
to move from a place.

of
PULL FACTORS
• are the things that entice someone to
a new place.

MIGRA
EN-ROUTE FACTORS
• are things that might hinder the
migration.

TION
17 18
 THREE MAJOR PUSH-PULL FACTORS
Demographic and Economic Factors
 is related to labor standards,
unemployment and the overall health
of a country’s’ economy.
 Economic migrants are drawn towards
international migration because of the
prospect of higher wages, better
employment opportunities and, often,
a desire to escape the domestic social
and political situation of their home
country.
Socio-Political Factors
 Social push factors can include ethnic,
religious, racial, and cultural
persecution.
19
 Marital status, political violence,
facilities, and relatives are also dealt
here.
Environmental Factors
 These are the sudden or progressive
changes in the environment which
affect the lives or living conditions
 Of the ecological factors that push
individuals to migrate, climate change
is, arguably, the most serious.
20
 PUSH FACTORS PULL FACTORS
 lack of services  higher employment
 lack of safety  more wealth
 high crime  better services
 crop failure  good climate
 drought  safer, less crime
 flooding  political stability
 poverty  more fertile land
 war  lower risk from natural hazards
 persecution violence  safety and stability
 poor wages  freedom
 pollution  food availability
 natural disasters  better environment
 limited opportunities  family reunification
 family separation  better quality of life
 availability of services
21 22
02
Migration
and
developme
nt
By: Jenilyn Berido
 POSITIVE
 Technology, investments and venture
DEVELOPMENT capital from diasporas.

EFFECTS OF  Leads to increased trade flows between

MIGRATION sending and receiving countries.

 Possibility of migration may stimulate

 Increased global economic efficiency
investment in education and individual
human capital investments.
 Good for the individual especially where
there are new opportunities for  Charitable activities of diasporas can
workers not available in the home
assist in relief and local community
country
development.

 Inflow of remittances and foreign

exchange benefiting receiving
individuals and countries.

23 24
 Migration may reduce unemployment in
some sectors in sending countries.
 negative
 Sending country loses potential tax
DEVELOPMENT revenue.

EFFECTS OF  Risk of creating a ”remittance

MIGRATION economy” and dependency among

receivers, a problem exacerbated when
remittances diminish over time.
 Loss of highly skilled workers and
reduced quality of essential services.  Inflationary potential of remittances,
especially on real estate, in some areas.
 Reduced growth and productivity
because of the reduced stock of highly  Reduces the size of ”political classes”
skilled workers and negative
externalities.

 Lower return from public investments

in public education.

25 26
 Selective migration may cause
increasing income disparities in sending
 Key issues in MIGRATION
2. Remittances and additional investment
and development 3. Remittances and access to international
PEOPLE FLOWS capital markets
The most frequently discussed development 4. Effects of remittances on currency
impact of the international movement of depreciation
people is “brain drain”.
 Empirical evidence Other Problems/Issues Associated with
 Brain circulation Remittances
1. Transfer Costs
FINANCIAL FLOWS 2. Distinction between formal and
Remittances from migrant workers to informal flows
developing countries are large and rising.
DIASPORIC FLOWS
Factors shaping the amounts remitted Migrant communities or diasporas more
1. Migrant characteristics generally can play an important role in the
2. Macroeconomic factors economic, social and political development
of their countries of origin.
Macroeconomic Consequences of
Remittances a. Knowledge networks and Technology
1. Remittances and the domestic labor Diffusion
markets b. Bilateral trade
c. Foreign Direct Investment
25 26
03
Migration as
a challenge
to the nation
state
By: Jemar Gucela
Two main challenges posed by immigration
to the nation-state: sovereignty and
citizenship
It examines two opposing views on the
origins of the current migration crisis,
where Western states accept more (de
facto) immigrants than their respective
policies allow — globally limited
sovereignty and self-limited sovereignty.
27
PART I: The Challenge of Sovereignty
The de facto Trans nationalizing of
Immigration Policy
Transnationalism is applied to
immigration policy developments that are
viewed as fragmented and incipient, have
not been fully captured at the most formal
levels of international public law and
conventions, nor in the national
representations of the sovereign state.
The Decline of Sovereignty, Politics and
Immigration Restriction in Liberal States
It is argued that the situation is not
grave as it seems despite numerous
obstacles to immigration control. In fact,
state control of migration is increasing
rather than decreasing over time.
28
PART I: The Challenge of Sovereignty
Asylum and State Sovereignty: A
Comparison of the United States, Germany,
and Britain
This capacity is declining, and that this
decline is related to the rise of an
international human rights regime that
restricts the ability of states to determine
the entry and exit of migrants. The asylum
policies of three major countries are studied:
United States, Germany, and Britain
29
PART II: The Challenge to Citizenship
The Re-evaluation of American Citizenship
It is argued that the intensity of these
debates reflects the tensions arising within
and among three analytically distinct
relational domains: international law and
politics, national politics, and federalism.
Reconfiguring Citizenship in Western
Europe
It is argued that national citizenship is
being reconfigured into two distinct
directions: post-national membership and
neo-national membership, which constitute
limited kinds of convergence among
European states.
30
PART II: The Challenge to Citizenship

Citizenship Rights for Non-Citizens: France,

Germany and the Netherlands
The Netherlands is shown to have
granted the most rights to foreigners by
allowing them to vote in local elections, and
guaranteeing their cultural rights under the
country’s minority policy.

Multicultural Race Relations in Britain:

Problems and Interruption and Explanation
It discusses Muslims and multiculturalism
in Britain, British Europhobia, British and
European immigration politics, and the
history of multicultural race relations in
Britain. Much of the problems of British
multiculturalism are attributed to its support
for the concept of “multiculturalism in one
nation,” which hinges on the shaky idea of
British national unity.

31 32
04
Benefits and
detriments for
the sending
country
By: Aple Mae Casas
 Even if 90 percent of the value
generated by migrant workers remains
in their host countries, they have sent
billions back to their home countries
[in 2014, their remittances totaled $580
billion]
 In 2014, India held the highest recorded
remittance ($70billion), followed by
China ($62billion), the Philippines
($28billion), and Mexico ($25billion).
These remittances make significant
contributions to the development of
small- and medium-term industries that
help generate jobs.
33
 The Asian Development Bank (ADB)
observes that in countries like the
Philippines, remittances “do not have a
significant influence on other key items of
consumption or investment such as on
spending on education and healthcare.”
Remittances, therefore, may help in lifting
“household out of poverty… but not in
rebalancing the growth, especially in the
long run.”
 More importantly, global migration is
“siphoning… qualified personnel, [and]
removing dynamic young workers.” This
process has been referred to as “brain
drain”
34
 According again to the McKinsey Global
Institute, countries in sub-Saharan Africa
and Asia have lost one-third of their
college graduates.
 Furthermore, the loss of professionals in
certain key roles, such as doctors, has
been detrimental to the migrants’ home
countries.
 Governments are “equally concerned
with generating jobs for an under-
utilized workforce and in getting the
maximum possible inflow of worker
remittances.” Governments are thus
actively involved in the recruitment and
deployment of works, some of them
setting up special departments like the
Bureau of Manpower, Employment
Immigrants within the Indian Labor
Ministry, and the Philippine Overseas
Employment Agency (POEA)
35
COUNTRIES LOSING PEOPLE
BENEFITS
 Money sent home by migrants
 Decreases pressure on jobs and
resources
 Migrants may return with new skills
DETRIMENTS
x People of working age may move out
reducing the size of country’s potential
workforce.
x Gender imbalances are caused as it is
typically men who seek to find
employment elsewhere. Women and
children are left.
x “Brain drain” if many skilled workers
leave
36
 HOST COUNTRY
BENEFITS
 A richer and more diverse culture.
 Helps to reduce any labor shortage
 Migrants are more prepared to take on
low paid, low skilled jobs

DETRIMENTS
x Increasing cost of services such as
health care and education
x Overcrowding
x Disagreements between different
religion and culture

37 38
05
The
Problems
of human
trafficking
By: Josieme Torreon
 The United States Federal Bureau of
Investigation lists human trafficking as the
third largest criminal activity worldwide.
Human trafficking, also called trafficking in
persons, form of modern-day slavery
involving the illegal transport of individuals
by force or deception for the purpose of
labor, sexual exploitation, or activities in
which others benefit financially. (Steverson
& Wooditch, 2021)
Human trafficking is a global problem
affecting people of all ages and United
States is considered as one of the largest
destinations for victims of the sex-trafficking
trade.
39
The United Nations (UN) divides human
trafficking into three categories
 sex trafficking,
 labor trafficking, and
 the removal of organs
The United Nations defines human
trafficking as the induction by force, fraud,
or coercion of a person to engage in the sex
trade, or the harboring, transportation, or
obtaining of a person for labor service or
organ removal.
40
 THE TRAFFICKING Factors of human
SCHEME trafficking
Human trafficking usually starts in origin
countries—namely, Southeast Asia, Eastern The cause of human trafficking are:
Europe, and sub-Saharan Africa.  Mass displacement
 Conflict
Migrants view the services of a smuggler as  Extreme poverty
an opportunity to move from impoverished  Lack of access to education
conditions in their home countries to more  Violence
stable, developed environments.  Job opportunities
 Harmful social norms like child
Smugglers supply migrants with fraudulent
marriage
passports or visas and advise them to avoid
 Wars
detection by border-control agents.
 Natural disasters
Immigration documents, whether legitimate
or fraudulent, are seized by the traffickers.
After this, victims are often subjected to
physical and sexual abuse, and many are
forced into labor or the sex trade in order to
41 42
pay off their migratory debts.
 In 2012, the International Labor Organization
Factors of human (ILO) identified 21 million men, women, and
trafficking children as victims of “forced labor”.

 Debt bondage (peonage), is the

Another causal factor is globalization
which is a double-edged sword in that it has
shaped the world’s market for the
transportation of illegal migrants,
affording criminal organizations the ability
to expand their networks and create
transnational routes that facilitate the
transporting of migrants. (Steverson &
Wooditch, 2021)
enslavement of people for unpaid debts
and is one of the most common forms of
contemporary forced labor. Similarly,
contract slavery uses false or deceptive
contracts to justify or explain forced
slavery.
90% are exploited by private enterprises
and entrepreneurs;
22% are sexually abused

43 44
 Victims of sexual slavery are often
manipulated into believing that they are
being relocated to work in legitimate
forms of employment.
68% work under compulsion in agricultural,
manufacturing, infrastructure, and
domestic activities. They are frequently
required to work for excessive periods of
time, under extremely hazardous working
conditions, and for little or no wages.
45
Another recent and highly controversial
occurrence involving human trafficking is
the abduction or deception that results in
the involuntary removal of bodily organs
for transplant.
In recent years the Internet has been used
as a medium for the donors and recipients
of organ trafficking, whether legal or not.
46
 Legal response to human 2. THE OFFICE OF DRUGS AND CRIME
trafficking It is the UN arm that monitors and
implements policies concerning human
trafficking and is the designer of the Global
1. TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT
Program Against Trafficking in Human
OF 2000 (TVPA)
Its goal is to provide protection and Beings (GPAT).
assistance to trafficking victims, to
encourage international response, and to 3. INTERPOL
provide assistance to foreign countries in It aims are to provide assistance to all
drafting anti-trafficking programs and national criminal justice agencies and to
legislation. The TVPA seeks to successfully
raise awareness of the issue.
combat human trafficking by employing a
three-pronged strategy: prosecution,
protection, and prevention. Other involved global organizations include
the International Labor Organization (ILO)
Many federal agencies are given the and the International Organization for
oversight of human trafficking, including the Migration (IOM).
Departments of Justice, Homeland Security,
Health and Human Services, and Labor and
the U.S. Agency for International
47
Development.  48
Human trafficking has been very profitable,
earning syndicates, smugglers, and corrupt
state officials profit as high as $150 billion a
year in 2014. Governments, the private
sector, and civil society group have worked
together, to combat human trafficking, yet
the results is not fair.

Different forms of global interdependence

will ensure the global migration will
continue to be one of the major issues in the
contemporary world.

“GLOBAL MIGRATION ENTAILS THE

GLOBALIZATION OF PEOPLE, AND LIKE THE
BROADER GLOBALIZATION PROCESS IT IS
UNEVEN.”

49 50
REFERENCES:
 The Contemporary World (Lisandro E.
Claudio and Patricio N. Abinales. C&E,
Publishing, 2018)
 The Contemporary World, 2nd edition.
Fernandez, Jr. Guiraldo C., Garciano,
Marichu D. and Joselito R. et. Al. 2019
 Steverson, Leonard A. and Wooditch,
Alese C.. "Human trafficking".
Encyclopedia Britannica, 22 Jan. 2021,
https://www.britannica.com/topic/human
-trafficking
 https://www.un.org/en/global-
issues/migration
 http://geographymonkey.com/uploads/3/
5/2/1/35215747/migration_nat_geo.pdf
 https://s-
cool.co.uk/gcse/geography/populations/r
evise-it/migratio
 https://www.iom.int/key-migration-terms
 https://www.migrationdataportal.org/the
mes/return-migration
 https://publications.iom.int/system/files/p
df/international_migration_development.
pdf
 https://publications.iom.int/system/files/p
df/mrs_22.pdf
 https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.
com/view/10.1093/0198292295.001.0001/a
cprof-9780198292296-chapter-2
 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1X-
9PMJHScxFElF6a_60UZSR-
MP2AcX9-/view?usp=sharing
 https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zk
g82hv/revision/5
 THANK
YOU FOR
LISTENIN
G!