Lecture №1

National Pirogov Memorial Medical University

Vinnitsya
Department of Pharmacology

Main definitions of
pharmacology. Classifications
of drugs. Ways to create new
remedies
Lecturer: Head of Pharmacology department

Prof. Voloshchuk Natalia Ivanivna

Pharmacology
Pharmacology (greek: pharmacon –
drug; logia – science) – s a science of
drugs that after the functions of living
organisms and ate used to prevent,
diagnose and treat sisease.
Pharmacology also reveals the
complexity of living regulatory systems.

Main tasks of pharmacology-

1. Creation and justification of the
rational use of new drugs.
2. Study of new properties of already
known drugs.
Chapters of pharmacology:
1. Theoretical (history, theories,
conceptions, methods, calculations etc.);

2. Experimental (fundamental);

3. Clinical
.
The theoretical and experimental parts constitute
fundamental pharmacology
Experimental pharmacology is the link between the
theoretical and clinical parts of pharmacology

Clinical pharmacology is a set of scientifically grounded

principles of rational choice of drugs for the treatment of
a disease or syndrome, individual selection of
pharmacological drugs for each patient, as well as a set of
methods for monitoring the therapeutic efficacy and
safety of drugs.
 Pharmacology is divided into:
• Common, private
• Clinical, experimental
• Biochemical, physics ans chemical
• Veterinary, medical
• Pediatric, perinatal, geriatric
• Hyperbaric, space
• Molecular
• Radiation, environmental etc.
 Main definitions
Medicinal substance – is a chemical substance or
biological active substance which are prevent, modify
or lessen the pathological process and do a medicinal
action
Medicinal remedy is a substance or mixture of
substances with definite pharma­ceutical activity
approved for the use by the special committee of
the country and used for prevention, treatment and
diagnostics of the diseases.
Medicinal agent (drug) is a medicinal remedy
having some dosage form (tablet, ampoule,
ointment etc.).

Dosage form is a definite size, shape, and

external appearance of a medicinal sub­stance
convenient for use (e.g., solid, liquid and soft
forms).
Medicinal raw materials are synthet­ic medicines,
life products of some microor­ganisms and
substances of animal and plant origin, which are
used for preparation of remedies.

Simple medicinal drugs are made by simple

processing of raw materials, such as drying,
grinding, sifting etc.
Galenic medicines are made of purified vegetable raw
materials in a more compli­cated way - infusion,
extraction, distillation, precipitation et al. It contains
active substances and inert (ballast) substances which
make these agents less active and do not allow to
administer them parenterally.
Novogalenic medicines contain only a sum of active
medicinal substances without inert (ballast)
substances. They could be used for enteral and
parenteral purposes.
Officinal drugs are made according to the State
Pharmacopoeia Rules at factories.
Magistral drugs are medicines made up according
to a special prescription and pre­scribed by a
physician for a particular case. It is made by a
pharmacist at a pharmacy.
 NOMENCLATURE of drugs
Include 3 main names

Chemical name
• shows the composition and structure of the drug
• rarely used in practical health care
• is in the annotations to the preparations
• there are special reference books containing the chemical
names of all drugs
Example: 1,3-dimethyl-xantin, 5-ethyl- 5-phenylbarbituric
acid
 NOMENCLATURE of drugs

International Nonproprietary Name, INN

 Is recommended by WHO
 allows you to identify a drug by belonging to a specific
pharmacological group
 identifies an active pharmaceutical ingredient (around 8000 in the
world)
 sometimes INN reflects the chemical structure of the drug
 enables the exchange of information between healthcare professionals
and scientists from different countries

Examples: acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminofen

 NOMENCLATURE of drugs

Brand name
•specific original drug
•commercial property of a pharmaceutical company (trademark
protected by a patent)
Examples: aspirin (acethylsalicylic acid), lasix (furosemid),
voltaren (diclophenac)
Used for:
omarketing goals
opromotion of drugs on the market
oincreasing their competitiveness
oDevelopment and clinical trials are carried out in accordance
with international standards and require certain costs.
 Classifications of the drugs
I. Alphabetical classification
the principle of placing the names of drugs in alphabetical order (in
state language and Latin)

II. Chemical classification

The basis of this classification is the chemical structure of the drug:
Imidazole derivates
- Clotrimazole
- Metronidazole
Phenothiazine derivates
- Chlorpromazine (neuroleptic)
- Diprazine (antihistaminic drug)
Drugs that are close in chemical structure can have different effects
on the body.
-
Classifications of the drugs
III. Pharmacological classification
Combined - has a multi-stage nature:
• Drugs are divided into categories - large blocks acting on
the corresponding body systems: :
• for Cardiovascular,
• Digestive system,
• CNS etc.

The categories are divided into classes — they determine the

nature of the pharmacological action of the drug.
.
Classifications of the drugs
IV.Pharmacological classification
Specific drugs used for treat concrete diseases
Examples:
«Drugs for the treatment of stomach ulcer disease»
«Drugs for the treatment of bronhoobstructive syndrome»

Includes drugs belonging to different categories, classes

and groups
The classification is used mainly by doctors
 Classifications of the drugs
V. Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS):
 unique identifier of chemical substances
 each chemical structure is assigned a registration number

These registration numbers contain pharmaceutical and medical

catalogues from all over the world.

Example:
Registration numbers - АО1АВ – antimicrobial drugs for local use
 Pharmacology

Private pharmacology
Common
pharmacology

studies the general patterns of drug action studies the patterns of action of certain drug groups and individual drugs
 Common pharmacology

Pharmacokinetic
Pharmacodynamic
Pharmacogenetic
Chronopharmacology
Nanopharmacology
 Pharmacodynamic
(Greek: Dynemis - power) answers
the question: ‘What does the Drug
do to the Body?’
This includes physio­logical and
biochemical effects of drugs and
their mechanism of action at
macromolecular /subcellular/ organ
system levels.
Pharmacokinetics (Greek: Kinesis - movement)
answers the question: 'What does the
Body do to the Drug?'
This refers to movement of the drug in
the body and its alteration by the body.
Pharmacodynamics studies the
concentration - effect part of the
interaction, whereas pharmacokinetics
deals with the dose - concentration part.
 Main stages of
pharmacokinetics

 Release the drug from

medicinal form
 Adsorption
 Distribution
 Biotransformation
 Excretion
Ways to search for new medicinal substances
among newly synthesized compounds:
1. Empirical study
2. Modification of known chemical
structures (bioisosterical exchange)
3. Compilation of combination drugs
4. Target synthesis
5. Medicinal biotechnology
The search and study of new medicinal substances
I. The search and study of new medicinal substances involves

Obtaining a new active substance (active substance or complex

of substances)
Implemented through:
o Chemical synthesis
o Isolation of drugs from tissues and organs of animals, plants
and minerals
o Obtaining of drugs - products of the vital activity of
microorganisms and fungi by methods of cell and genetic
engineering.
Genomics
– Genomics is the study of all of a person's genes (the
genome), including interactions of those genes with each
other and with the person's environment.
Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes affect a
person’s response to drugs. This relatively new field
combines pharmacology (the science of drugs) and
genomics (the study of genes and their functions) to
develop effective, safe medications and doses that will
be tailored to a person’s genetic makeup.
 Proteomics
Proteomics is the study of the proteome—investigating how different proteins interact with each other and the
roles they play within the organism.
• Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteomes. A proteome is a set of proteins produced in an organism,
system, or biological context. We may refer to, for instance, the proteome of a species (for example, Homo
sapiens) or an organ (for example, the liver). The proteome is not constant; it differs from cell to cell and
changes over time. Protein activity (often assessed by the reaction rate of the processes in which the protein
is involved) is also modulated by many factors in addition to the expression level of the relevant gene.

Proteomics is used to investigate:

• when and where proteins are expressed
• rates of protein production, degradation, and steady-state abundance
• how proteins are modified (for example, post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation)
• the movement of proteins between subcellular compartments
• the involvement of proteins in metabolic pathways
• how proteins interact with one another
Proteomics can provide significant biological information for many biological problems, such as:
• which proteins interact with a particular protein of interest (for example, the tumour suppressor protein p53)? (Human example)
• which proteins are localised to a subcellular compartment (for example, the mitochondrion)? (Human example)
• which proteins are involved in a biological process (for example, circadian rhythm)? (Human example)
Stages in creation of new drugs

Obtaining of new active substance

Preclinical trials.
Standart GLP
(«Good Laboratory Practice») — a system of norms, rules and guidelines aimed at
ensuring the consistency and reliability of laboratory test results.

Standart GCP
(Good Clinical Practice) - international standard of ethics and quality of
scientific research, which describes the rules for the design, conduct,
documentation and reporting of research that involves the participation of a
person as a subject (clinical research)

Standart GMP
(Good Manufacturing Practice) - system of rules, regulations and guidelines for
the production of medicines, medical devices, diagnostic devices, food additives
and active ingredients.
Nanotechnologies
 Nanotechnologies in pharmacology
Nanotechnology operates with objects of nanometric size
(from greek. Nannos –»dwarf»).
They are called nanotechnology.
These objects are measured in billionths of a meter 10-9.

http://www.jchemrev.com/article_91505.html
https://hippocratesmedreview.org/its-a-nanoparty-nanoparticles-
and-their-applications-in-medicine/
APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGIES

1. ANALYTICAL NANOTECHNOLOGIES FOR

DIAGNOSTICS.
2. NANOTECHNOLOGIES FOR TRANSPORTATION OF
MEDICINES.
3. NANOMATERIALS.
4. NANOROBOTS IN MEDICINE
Use of magnetic nanoparticles in medicine

https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/56501
Transport properties of nanoparticles

• Inorganic nanoparticles (gold, silicate, magnetic, etc.)

• Organic (based on polysaccharides, polyacrylates, etc.)

• Liposomes and polymer nanoparticles

• Polymer micelles

• Active nanocrystals
 USING NANOPARTICLES TO CREATE DRUGS
1. LIPOSOMES (Multi-lamellar up to 10 microns and consisting of 1 lamella
-20-50 nm (plate) - CELIX.
2. NANOSPHERES, on which the active substance is determined -
PEGASIS (TREATMENT OF HEPATITIS C).
3. NANOCAPSULES consisting of a polymeric shell covering a cavity with a
liquid - NEILAST drug FOR THE TREATMENT OF NEUTROPENIA..
4. ACTIVE NANOCRYSTALS (200-600 NM) in the form of a suspension.
5. DENDRIMERS (WOOD), expanded to the size of small proteins, on them
the active substance, EXAMPLE VIVIGEL, FOR THE TREATMENT OF
AIDS.
Thanks for
attention!